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JACOBY JACQUAND 501 college, Oxford, in 1827. In 1829 he was elected fellow of Exeter college, and in 1832 was chosen vice principal of Magdalen hall, which post he occupied till 1848, when he was appointed regius professor of divinity in the university. At the same time he became canon of Christ church and rector of Ewelme, and re- ceived the degree of D. D. He was also select preacher and puhlic orator for several years, and edited a number of valuable works for the university press. In 1865 he was made bishop of Chester. He has edited Patres Apostolici (2 vols. with notes, apparatus, &c., 1840; 3d ed., 1847), "Novell's Catechism" (1844), the "Collected Works of Bishop Sanderson" (6 vols., 1854), &c., and published two volumes of sermons (1840, 1846). JACOBT, Johann, a German publicist of Jew- ish descent, born in Konigsberg, May 1, 1805. He studied medicine at Konigsberg, Berlin, and Heidelberg, and became a distinguished Ehysician in his native city. At the same time e came forward as a politician, and was un- der arrest in 1841-'3 for having keenly criti- cised the government in a pamphlet entitled Vier Fragen ; and other publications resulted in his being sentenced in 1845 to a long term of imprisonment, but he was acquitted on ap- peal to a superior court. In 1848 he was prominent in the provisional parliament of Frankfort, and subsequently in the Prussian national assembly as the chief leader of the democratic party. After sitting in the second Prussian chamber during its brief existence in the early part of 1849, he succeeded the his- torian Raumer in the German parliament at Frankfort, soon retiring with that assembly to Stuttgart. Once more accused of treason, he surrendered himself to the authorities at Ko- nigsberg, but was acquitted, Dec. 8, 1849. In the same year he declined a seat in the Prussian first chamber, and in 1862 one in the chamber of deputies, but occupied one in the latter in 1864-'5. His sympathy with democracy and socialism, and his opposition to monarchy as the promoter of German nationality, caused him to be arrested in 1866 for obnoxious pas- sages in one of his electoral addresses, and for allusions in the biography of Heinrich Simon which he had published in 1865 ; and as he continued his agitations after the outbreak of the war with France, he was again placed for some time under arrest in 1870. The next yeai>he declined a reelection by the radicals. Elected a member of the imperial Reichstag in 1874, he renoxmced his seat, declaring in a let- ter to his constituents his conviction of the impossibility of transforming a military state into a popular state in a parliamentary way. His writings, some of which are medical, in- clude ,Die Orundsatze der preussuchen Demo- cratic (Berlin, 1859). JACOBT, Lndwig Sislsmund, an American cler- gyman, born in Alt Strelitz, Mecklenburg, Oct. 21, 1811. His parents were Jews, but he was baptized when 21 years old, and joined the Lu- theran church. A few years later he emigrated to America, and became a member of the Metho- dist Episcopal church. About 1840 he entered the ministry, and in 1841 was stationed at St. Louis. In 1844 he was presiding elder of the first German district of the far west. In 1849 he returned to Germany to establish a mission of the Methodist church there. Chiefly through his instrumentality, missions were founded in Germany and in Switzerland, and a publishing house and a theological seminary were estab- lished at Bremen. For many years he edited and published religious and educational works, and acted as a professor in the theological semi- nary. To him was intrusted the superinten- dence of all the missions of his church in Ger- many and Switzerland, until his return to Amer- ica in 1872. In 1874 he was pastor of a church in St. Louis, Mo. He has prepared a " Con- cordance of the Bible," and a " History of Methodism in the Whole World down to 1869." JACOTOT, Joseph, a French educator, born in Dijon, March 4, 1770, died in Paris, July 30, 1840. When scarcely 19 he became professor of Latin and Greek literature at Dijon. He enlisted in 1792, was elected captain of artil- lery, participated in the campaign of Belgium, and was called to Paris to assist in the central board for the manufacture and improvement of gunpowder. He afterward returned to Di- jon, where he was successively professor of mathematics and of Roman law. During the hundred days he was elected to the chamber of deputies, favored the cause of Napoleon, and was consequently compelled to leave France. He took refuge in Belgium, where he first made a living by private teaching; in 1818 he was appointed lecturer on the French language and literature in the university of Louvain, and a little later director of the military school of Belgium. He now brought forward his new system of intellectual emancipation, designed to enable every one to learn without a teacher. In 1830 he returned to his native country, lived seven years in Valenciennes, and then went to Paris, where he spent his last years in com- parative obscurity. He published Enseigne- ment universel : Langite maternelle (Louvain, 1822); Langue etrangere (1823); Musique, des- sin et peinture (1824); Hatkematiquei (1828) ; Droitetphilosophiepanecastigues (Paris, 1887) ; and numerous articles in the Journal de V eman- cipation intellectuelle, which he had established for the diffusion of his doctrine. JACQUAJfD, Claudius, a French painter, born in Lyons in 1805. He early became known by historical and genre pictures, and settled in Paris in 1838, where he married a daughter of Count de Forbin-Janson. Among his princi- pal works are " Charlemagne crowned as King of Italy," " The Chapter of Rhodes," and others in the museum of Versailles. His fine picture of "The Mayor of Boulogne refusing the Capitulation of Henry VIII." is in the town hall of that city ; and another of his most re- markable works, representing " St. Bonaven-