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HUNGARY 53 became in 1842 professor of jurisprudence at Kasmark, was a member of the Hungarian diet of 1848-'9, and has since lived in Pestb. He has written and edited a number of philo- logical and ethnological publications, inclu- ding Chrestomathia Fennica (Pesth, 1861), and "The Land of the Voguls" (3 vols., 1863), after the accounts of the Hungarian traveller Keguly. II. Janos, a Hungarian geographer, brother of the preceding, born at Gross-Schla- gendorf, June 8, 1820. He became in 1846 professor of statistics and history at Kasmark, took part in the revolutionary movement of 1848-'9, and was imprisoned, but in 1850 re- sumed his duties at Kasmark, and was sub- sequently suspended for advocating the in- dependence of Protestant education. He re- moved to Pesth in 1853, and became professor of statistics, geography, and history at the polytechnic institute of Buda. His works in- clude a " Universal History " (3 vols., Pesth, 3d ed., 1862), "Physical Geography of Hun- gary " (3 vols., 1863-'6), the text to the pic- torial work "Hungary and Transylvania" (3 vols., Darmstadt, 1859-'64), and a Hungarian edition of the " Travels " of Ladislas Magyar (Pesth, 1859). HUNGARY (Hung. Magyarorszdg, Magyar land ; Ger. Ungarn), a country of Europe, for- merly an independent kingdom, subsequently united with Austria, from 1849 to 1867 a crown- land or province of the latter, and since 1867 one of the two main divisions of the Austro-Hun- garian monarchy. Before 1849 it embraced in a constitutional sense, besides Hungary proper, Croatia, Slavonia, and the Hungarian Littorale (coast land on the Adriatic), and in its widest acceptation also Transylvania, the Military Frontier, and Dalmatia, with an ag- gregate population of about 15,000,000. All these dependencies were in 1849 detached, and besides them from Hungary proper the coun- ties of Middle Szolnok, Zarand, and Kraszna, and the district of Kovar, to be reunited with Transylvania, and the counties of Bacs, Toron- tal, Temes, and Krasso, to form the new crown- land of the Servian Waywodeship and Banat. In 1867 the changes made in 1849 were re- pealed; the Waywodeship was abolished, Tran- sylvania reunited with Hungary, and Croatia and Slavonia recognized as a dependency of the Hungarian crown, which has its own pro- vincial assembly, but also sends deputies to the Hungarian diet, and is subordinate to the Hungarian ministry. The Military Frontier, which formerly had its separate administration, was destined to gradual incorporation partly with Hungary proper and partly with Croatia. Dalmatia was united with Cisleithan Austria. Thus Hungary in the wider sense, also called Transleithania or Transleithan Austria, from the little river Leitha which constitutes part of the frontier between the two main divisions of the monarchy, now comprises (the reorgani- zation of the Military Frontier having become complete in 1873) Hungary proper, Transyl- vania, Croatia and Slavonia, and Fiume. The lands of the Hungarian crown have in common with Cisleithan Austria an imperial ministry, consisting of the departments of foreign afl'airs and the imperial house, of finances, and of war. In the article AUSTEIA we have treated of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy as a whole ; and the articles CROATIA, MILITARY FRONTIER, SLA- VONIA, and TRANSYLVANIA will contain what is or lately was peculiar to those sections. In this article we shall treat of the lands of the Hungarian crown with special reference to that section which is called Hungary proper. Hun- gary (in the wider sense) is situated between lat. 44 11' and 49 35' N., and Ion. 14 25' and 26 30' E., and is bounded N. E., N., and W. by Cis- leithan Austria, S. and E. by the Turkish prov- inces and dependencies Bosnia, Servia, and Roumania. The total area of the lands of the Hungarian crown is 125,045 sq. m., of which 87,045 belong to Hungary proper. The popu- lation, according to the census of 1869, was 15,509,455, of whom 11,530,397 lived in Hun- gary proper. Hungary in its chief parts forms a large basin surrounded almost entirely by mountain ranges, of which the principal are : the Carpathians, which encircle the north, with their various offshoots, the Hungarian Ore mountains between the Waag and the Eipel, the Matra E. of the preceding, and the wine- growing Hegyalja between the Theiss and the Hernad ; the Leitha range, the wooded Ba- kony, and the Vertes, mostly continuations of the Noric and Carnic Alps, in the S. W. divi- sion ; and the Transylvanian Alps on the S. E. frontier. The chief artery of the country is the Danube, which enters it between Vienna and Presburg, and on its course to the Black sea receives the waters of .all the other rivers, ex- cepting only the Poprad, which rises near the ST. boundary and flows to the Vistula. The principal of these affluents of the Danube are : on the right, the Leitha, Raab, Sarviz, and the Drave, which separates Hungary proper from Slavonia, with the Mur, its affluent ; on the left, the March, Waag, Neutra, Gran, Eipel, Theiss, and Temes. The Theiss rises in the northeast, in the county of Marmaros, and its chief afflu- ents are the Bodrog, Hernad, Saj6, and Zagyva on the right, and the Szamos, Koros, and Maro? on the left. Most of the rivers of Croatia and Transylvania are also tributaries of the Danube ; among others, the Save on the Turkish frontier and the Alt from Transylvania. The S. W. di- vision, which has the fewest rivers, includes the two principal lakes of the country, the Balaton and the Neusiedler. Various marshes, moors, soda lakes, and swamps extend near the banks of the great rivers, especially of the Theiss. There are also numerous mountain lakes called " eyes of the sea," and caverns, of which that of Agtelek in the county of Gomor is the most remarkable. Extensive islands are formed by the branches of the Danube ; among others, the Great Schutt and Csepel in its up- per course. The climate is in general mild,