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JEFFERSONIA JEFFREY 597 of St. Louis, with which it is connected by the Missouri Pacific railroad ; pop. in I860, 3,082 ; in 1870, 4,420, of whom 716 were colored; in 1874, about 7,500. It is built on elevated and uneven ground, commanding a fine view of the beautiful scenery on the N. bank of the river. The principal public edifices are the state house, a handsome building of stone, the governor's residence, the state penitentiary, several hotels, and eight churches of various denominations. The city has flour mills, manufactories of wood- en and iron ware, carriages, furniture, &c., a state bank, two national banks, and two daily and two weekly newspapers. The state library contains about 12,000 volumes. There are gra- ded public schools, divided in 1872 into 10 de- partments, including a high school, and having about 650 pupils, besides several denomination- al schools. The United States district court for the TV. district of Missouri holds its sessions here. JEFFERSONIA, a vernal plant of the natural order lerberidacea, occurring in rich woods Jeffersonia. from western New York to Wisconsin and southward, named in honor of Thomas Jeffer- son. It is popularly known as twin-leaf, from its two-parted leaves, a character recognized in its specific name, J. diphylla; the long- petioled leaves arise in a tuft from the matted fibrous roots, and among them are naked flower stems, jach terminated by a handsome white flower an inch in diameter, not unlike that of the bloodroot, and appearing in April and May. The calyx falls as the flower opens ; petals and stamens eight; pistil single, which when ripe becomes a pear-shaped pod, which opens by a horizontal slit extending half way around it. In England the jeffersonia is valued as a plant for the spring border ; well established clumps flower profusely, though the bloom is of short duration. Medicinal qualities have been attrib- uted to the plant, which has in some localities the name of rheumatism root. JETFERSONVILLE, a city of Clarke co., In- diana, situated at the head of the falls on the Ohio river, nearly opposite Louisville, Ky. ; pop. in 1850, 2,122; in 1860, 4,020; in 1870. 7,254. It is built on high ground on the site of old Fort Finney, and commands a magnifi- cent view of the river and of Louisville. The streets are wide, well paved, and laid out at right angles with one another. It is the S. ter- minus of the Louisville division of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, and of the Jefferson- ville, Madison, and Indianapolis railroad, and is connected by a branch of the latter with New Albany, 5 in. below. The Ohio is here crossed by one of the finest bridges in the country, which connects these railroads with the lines diverging from Louisville. The Ohio is 1 m. wide in this part of its course, and in a distance of 2 m. has a fall of 26 ft., which affords unri- valled motive power. The depth of water is sufficient at all seasons for craft of large size, and steamboat building is an important branch of industry. There are a large manufactory of locomotives and cars, machine shops, mills, &c., and two national banks, with an aggregate capi- tal of $550,000. Jeffersonville is the seat of the southern state prison, with an average num- ber of 395 convicts, and has a system of graded schools, embracing 18 departments, including a high school, with about 1,300 pupils ; a week- ly and two daily newspapers, and 11 churches. JEFFREY, Francis, a Scottish critic, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773, died at Craigcrook, Jan. 26, 1850. He was the eldest son of a depute clerk in the court of session, and was educated at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford. At Glasgow he distinguished himself as one of the most acute and fluent speakers, and formed the habit of accompanying all his studies by collateral composition. He took little pleasure in his residence at Oxford, and after one session returned to Edinburgh, and attended the law classes at the university. At the same time he was busy with literature and poetry, and was admitted, Dec. 11, 1792, into the speculative society, in which for nearly ten years he trained his powers of speaking and writing, having among his competitors Walter Scott, Lord Henry Petty (marquis of Lansdowne), Henry Brougham, Francis Homer, John A. Murray, James Moncrieff, and Henry Oockburn. He was admitted to practice Dec. 16, 1794, but suffered under the disadvantages of being as devoted to literature as to law, and of having proclaimed himself a whig, while the effect of the revolutionary excesses of France not only debarred Scottish whigs from hope of prefer- ment, but almost placed them under a social ban. In 1801 his professional income had amounted in no one year to 100. In that year he married, with "all the recommenda- tions of poverty," and took up his residence in a third story in Buccleugh place. There several of his young whig associates, prominent among whom were Sydney Smith, Brougham, and Homer, were wont to visit him, and it was at