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642 JOAN OF ARC JOANNA The presence of the virgin with her consecra- ted banner struck a panic into the souls of her enemies. In less than three months Charles was crowned king at Rheims, the maid of Or- leans standing in full armor at his side. Her promised work was done. Dunois, however, unwilling to lose her influence, urged her to re- main with the army, and she did so; but her victories were over. In an attack on Paris in the early winter she was repulsed and wound- ed. In the spring of the next year (1430) she threw herself into Compiegne, then beleaguer- ed by the English ; made a sortie in which she was taken prisoner (May 24), and was at once carried to Jean de Luxembourg's fortress at Beaurevoir. An attempt to escape by leaping from a dungeon wall was unsuccessful, and she was taken to Rouen. The university of Paris demanded that she should be tried on a charge of sorcery, and solicited letters patent from the king of England, which were reluc- tantly granted. The chapter at Rouen were rather favorably disposed toward her ; many of the English in authority were unwilling to proceed to extremities ; hut the university of Paris prevailed. The examination lasted seve- ral months, and resulted in a conviction of sor- cery. The papers were sent from Rouen to Paris, and the verdict of the university was unanimous that such acts and sentiments as hers were diabolical, and merited the punish- ment of fire. Sentence of condemnation was read to her publicly by the bishop of Beauvais, and the alternative offered of the stake or sub- mission to the church. The terrified girl made a recantation, and was taken back to prison. Here her visions returned. A man's apparel being left in her cell to tempt her, she put it on ; the bishop seized upon the act as a virtual relapse into her old unbelief, and hastened the execution of the first sentence. A huge pile of wood was erected in the market place of Rouen, and, surrounded by a vast assembly of soldiers and ecclesiastics, Joan of Arc was burned, and her ashes were thrown into the Seine. The infamy of this transaction lies heavily upon all concerned in it. The French king did nothing to avenge her, and waited ten years before he reversed the process by which she was condemned, and pronounced her "a martyr to her religion, her country, and her king." The character of the "Maid of Or- leans " was spotless. She was distinguished for her purity, innocence, and modesty. Her hand never shed blood. The gentle dignity of her bearing impressed all who knew her, and restrained the brutality of her soldiers. The cottage in which she was born still stands be- tween two buildings, founded as a monument to her by the department of the Vosges ; it contains a copy of the beautiful statue by Marie d'Orleans, daughter of Louis Philippe. The place where she was captured was indicated by a ruined tower which fell down in 1868 ; and the spot of her execution in the place de la Pucelle, Rouen, is marked by a mean statue. A fine statue of her was unveiled in Paris, in the place des Pyramides, Feb. 25, 1873. Among the French authors who have written the life of Joan of Arc are Lenglet du Fresnoy (2 vols., Paris, 1753-'4), Lebrun de Charmettes (3 vols., 1817), Barth61einy de Beauregard (2 vols., 1847), Michelet (1853), Lafontaine (Orleans, 1854), Villaume (Paris, 1863), and Barante (1865). The best German life is by Eysell (Ratisbon, 1864). The best English works are by Lord Mahon (now Earl Stanhope), " Life of Joan of Arc" (London, 1853), and Mrs. Bray, " Joan of Arc and the Times of Charles VII., King of France" (1874). See also Quicherat, Proces de condamnation et de re- habilitation de Jeanne d'Arc (published by the French historical society, 5 vols., Paris, 1841- '50), and his Apercua nouvelles sur Phistoire de Jeanne d'Arc (1850). Among the poems and dramas founded on the history of Joan of Arc, the most noteworthy are Voltaire's travesty La Pucelle, Southey's " Joan of Arc," Schil- ler's Jungfrau von Orleans, and Calvert's "Maid of Orleans "(1874). JOANES, Vleente. See JUANES. JOAMi. I. Queen of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and granddaughter of Robert of Anjou, born about 1327, put to death at the fortress of Muro, in the province of Ba- silicata, May 22, 1382. An attempt was made by her father to secure harmony between the two branches of the Anjou family which had claims to the N eapolitan throne, by marrying Joanna when about seven years old to her sec- ond cousin Andrew of Hungary ; but the plan proved an entire failure. As the young couple grew up the most bitter enmity arose between them, and was constantly encouraged by the opposing parties among their relatives. Duke Charles died before his father Robert, and Joanna therefore directly succeeded the latter on his death in 1343. Her court speedily di- vided into two factions, taking sides respec- tively with the queen and her husband ; and two years of intense hostility terminated, in September, 1345, in the assassination of the king by a party of conspirators who enticed him from his room and strangled him in a cor- ridor of the palace. Joanna seems to have deserved the accusation universally brought against her, of having inspired and directed this plot down to its smallest details ; though the story of the old chroniclers that she wove the rope of gold thread with which Andrew was strangled is probably exaggerated. Short- ly after the death of her husband she married her relative and supposed paramour, Louis of Taranto, without obtaining a papal dispensa- tion. Louis the Great of Hungary, anxious for an opportunity to avenge his brother's death, made this his pretext, and in 1347 invaded the Neapolitan territory. Joanna, unprepared for defence, fled to Avignon, then the residence of the popes ; but here she was summoned before a consistory and charged with the murder of her husband. She escaped the prosecution of