Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/665

JO DAVIESS JOGUES 645 becomes of a very hard and bony texture. When ripe the involucre is of the size of a large pea, somewhat pear-shaped, pearly white or of some shade of gray, with a hard enamelled surface. These involucres, or seeds as they are popularly regarded, were formerly, on account of their stony appearance, supposed to be useful as remedies for gravel and stone in the bladder, and are found in the works of the old herbalists as lachryma Jobi; the Chinese still regard them as medicinal, but they are not recognized by modern pharmacopoeias. Their principal use, as beads, has been already mentioned ; in some countries they are made up into neck- laces, chaplets, and other personal ornaments. The plant is of the easiest culture. The seeds may be sown in place after the soil is wanned, or they may be sown under glass and be trans- planted afterward. When loaded with its ripened tears, the plant is an interesting if not highly ornamental occupant of the border. JO DAYIESS, the N. W. county of Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, and separated from Iowa by the Mississippi river ; area, 650 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 27,820. The surface is moderately uneven, and the soil is fertile and watered by numerous small streams. The county abounds in lead ore, and also contains copper. The Mineral Point and Illinois Central railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 283,613 bushels of wheat, 1,286,326 of Indian corn, 874,016 of oats, 201,015 of potatoes, 66,650 Ibs. of wool, 32,476 of flax, 655,681 of butter, and 34,372 tons of hay. There were 8,528 horses, 10,309 milch cows, 18,329 other cattle, 17,517 sheep, and 34,591 swine ; 4 manufactories of agricultural imple- ments, 17 of carriages, 3 of pig lead, 8 of ma- chinery, 2 of marble and stone work, 10 of sad- dlery and harness, 9 of tin, copper, and sheet- iron ware, 3 of woollen goods, 2 flour mills, and 7 breweries. Capital, Galena JODE, Pleter de, the elder, a Flemish engra- ver, born in Antwerp in 1570, died in 1634. He engraved at Venice Titian's " Virgin and Child," and other works, and executed in Paris one of the largest prints known, after Jean Cousin's " Last Judgment," which is in the Louvre. After his return to Antwerp he pro- duced many other fine works, his " Christ giv- ing the Keys to St. Peter," after Eubens, being his masterpiece. His son PIETEH the younger also engraved many works after Vandyke, Ru- bens, and^others. JODKLLE, Etienne, sieur de Lymodin, a French dramatic poet, born in Paris in 1532, died there in July, 1573. He published sonnets and odes at the age of 17, and endeavored to replace the mysteries and moralities by imitations of the Greek drama with choruses. His tragedy Cleop&tre captive (1552) achieved a brilliant success, despite its tediousness, he himself per- sonating Cleopatra ; and his tragedy Didon and comedy Eugene, ou la rencontre, were very popular. He was also known as an orator, architect, painter, and sculptor. His collected works appeared in 1574; the best edition is that of Lyons, 1597. JOEL, the second of the twelve Hebrew minor prophets, son of Pethuel. By some critics he is supposed to have prophesied in the reign of Uzziah, between about 800 and 780 B. C. ; while according to Credner, Movers, Hitzig, and Meier, he lived in the early time of King Joash, and according to Hilgenfeld at the time of the Persian supremacy, shortly before the arrival of Ezra. The historical background seems, however, to determine the date of the prophecy. There is no mention of a king, and all is controlled by the ministers of religion, pointing to the minority of Joash under the guardianship of the high priest" Je- hoiada, about 870 ; and the absence of Assyr- ians in the enumeration of foreign enemies favors this early date. The book of Joel be- gins with announcing an extraordinary plague of locusts accompanied by drought. This is followed by promises of the divine for- giveness, of the restoration of the land to its former fertility, of spiritual blessings, and of the divine vengeance on the enemies of the chosen people. His descriptions rank, in sub- limity, vividness, and purity of style, among the finest passages of Hebrew poetry. Among the more important commentators are Pocock (Oxford, 1691, and in Latin, Leipsic, 1695), Van Toll (Utrecht, 1700), Rosenmuller (Leip- sic, 1836), Credner (Halle, 1831), Meier (Tubin- gen, 1841), and Umbreit (Hamburg, 1844) ; be- sides the works on the minor prophets by Hen- derson (London, 1845), Hitzig (1852), and Pu- sey (Oxford, 1861), and Ewald on the Old Testament prophets (2d ed., Gottingen, 1867). JOGUES, Isaac, a French Jesuit missionary, born in Orleans, Jan. 10, 1607, killed by the Mohawks at Caughnawaga, K. Y., Oct. 18, 1646. He entered the Jesuit novitiate at Rouen in 1624, spent some years in teaching, studied theology in Paris, and was ordained in 1636. He had earnestly sought a foreign mis- sion, and was sent to Canada, reaching Que- bec July 2. He proceeded at once to the Hu- ron country by the way of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, and labored among the Hurons and Dinondadies under great danger and priva- tions for several years. In 1642, with Father Raymbault, he penetrated westward to Sault Ste. Marie, where a number of Algonquin tribes were convened. He then accompanied a party of Hurons to Quebec to obtain supplies for the mission. On the way back they fell, Aug. 3, into an Iroquois ambuscade, and were nearly all killed or taken. The missionary was hur- ried away to the Mohawk by way of Lake Champlain, subjected to mutilation of the hands, and to the running of the gauntlet at the lake and in the village. Here he saw his associate, Goupil, tomahawked at his side ; and although the Dutch endeavored to release him, he was reduced to the most cruel slavery. While he was with a fishing party on the Hud- son, below Albany, his death was resolved