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232 CONFEDERATE STATES cotton advanced greatly all over the world in consequence of the blockade and of the dimin- ished production in the south, this very advance in price stimulated its production in other countries, and India, Egypt, and South Amer- ica supplied the market with large quantities. Europe was not driven to interfere in our civil strife, and her greatest powers, though with the exception of Russia they evidently hoped the south would succeed, did not dare openly to take her side, nor to give any but in- direct and furtive encouragement to her agents, who made strenuous efforts to get foreign rec- ognition and assistance for the confederacy. Nor did the south receive that assistance from the northern democrats on which she had counted so confidently. The great body of the party rallied round the flag of the Union, and volunteered in vast numbers for the defence of the nation, while many promi- nent democratic politicians attained the high- est ranks in the army. Only a very small number of northern democrats joined the con- federate forces, and the northern opponents of the government made no more formidable demonstration than a riot in New York, which broke out on occasion of a draft for the army, during the absence of military forces from the city, and was easily quelled when the soldiers returned. Politically the gravest demonstra- tion made by the opposition was at their nation- al convention which met at Chicago Aug. 29, 1864, and resolved that "four years of failure to restore the Union by the experiment of war " required that "immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities." They offset this, however, by nominating as their candidate for president a distinguished commander of the Union army, Gen. George B. McOlellan. The defeat of the democrats in the presidential election of 1864, and the reelection of Presi- dent Lincoln, followed by brilliant successes of the Union armies under Grant and Sherman, deprived the confederates of their last hope, and made it apparent to all the world that the great conflict was drawing to its close. The Confederate States, stripped of men and money, their resources exhausted, their finances ru- ined, and the fairest portions of their territory ravaged by fire and sword, could no longer con- tinue the unequal struggle, and presently col- lapsed, the people quietly submitting to their fate. The main military events of the war were the battle of Bull Run, July, 1861 ; the capture of Fort Donelson, February, 1862; McClellan's campaign on the peninsula of Vir- ginia, April to July, 1862 ; the battle of Shiloh, April, 1862; the capture of New Orleans, April, 1862 ; the second battle of Bull Run, August, 1862 ; the battle of Antietam, Septem- ber, 1862 ; the battle of Fredericksburg, De- cember, 1862 ; the battle of Stone river, De- cember, 1862; the battle of Chancellorsville, May, 1863; the battle of Gettysburg, July, 1863; the capture of Vicksburg, July, 1863; the battle of Chickamauga, September, 1863 ; the battle of Chattanooga, November, 1863; Banks's Red river campaign, March and April, 1864; the battles in the Wilderness, at Spott- sylvania Court House, and in southern Vir- ginia, May and June, 1864; Sherman's Atlanta campaign, May to September, 1864; the bat- tle near Nashville, December, 1864; Sherman's march to the sea, November and December, 1864; the siege of Petersburg, June, 1864, to April, 1865 ; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas, January to April, 1865 ; and finally the surrender of Lee's army in Vir- ginia and of Johnston's in North Carolina, in April, 1865. The adjutant general of the con- federate army, in a statement made since the close of hostilities, estimated the entire availa- ble confederate force capable of active service in the field at 600,000 men. Of this number not more than 400,000 were enrolled at any one time, and the Confederate States never had in the field at once more than 200,000. When the war ended the southern army was reduced to less than one half of this number. Scanty as these forces were compared with the northern armies, they made a most resolute and gallant defence, especially in Virginia under the command of Gen. R. E. Lee. Nor did they fail in any part of the war to exhibit manly courage, patient endurance of privations, and a steadfast adherence to what they con- sidered the cause of their country. The last great military act of the war, the surrender of Johnston to Sherman, was followed on May 14 by that .of Gen. Taylor with all the remaining confederate forces east of the Mississippi, and on the 26th of the same month by that of Gen. Kirby Smith with all his command west of the Mississippi, both to Gen. Canby. With these surrenders ended all military opposition to the government at Washington. The flag of the United States was lowered at Fort Sum- ter by Major Anderson, April 14, 1861. On the fourth anniversary of that event, April 14, 1865, the same flag was raised on Fort Sumter by the same Anderson, now promoted to the rank of major general. On April 3, when it became known in Richmond that Lee was de- feated and that the city must be evacuated, Jef- ferson Davis fled southward in hopes of esca- ping by sea. He had made his way to southern Georgia when he was arrested near Irwinville by a party of Union cavalry sent in pursuit of him. He was taken to Fortress Monroe and kept for a considerable time in confinement, but was finally liberated on bail. For the his- tory of the civil war, see the articles on the various battles under their own names, the no- tices of the prominent statesmen and generals on both sides, and UNITED STATES. Nothing like an adequate collection of the official docu- ments relating to the civil war lias ever been attempted. " The Rebellion Record " (9 vols. 8vo, 1861-'5), edited by Frank Moore, con- tains many documents and reports not other- wise accessible. The lack of published offi- cial reports on the operations of the Union