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552 CUBA however, he reaffirmed his previous belief, and had a report drawn up and published in order that his opinion might be set down in due form. He gave to his new discovery the name of Juana, in honor of Prince Juan, the heir of his royal patrons. It was subsequently called Fernandina, after the death of Ferdi- nand, and still later Santiago and Ave Maria ; but none of these names supplanted that of Cuba, by which it was known to the natives. The island was thickly populated by a docile race of Indians, who extended to all the large West India islands and the Bahamas. They called themselves by the general name of Tainos, the Good, but the Cubans were known specifically as Ciboneyes. In 1511 Diego Ve- lasquez, who had been appointed adelantado of Cuba by Diego Columbus, overran the island with 300 men. The natives, unable to cope with the invaders, were easily subdued, and Hatuey, their chief, who fell into the hands of the Spaniards, was burned at the stake near the present town of Yara. Baracoa, at the E. end of the island, was founded at this tune, and in 1514 Santiago, which was made the capital, and Trinidad on the S. coast. In the same year a place on the S. coast, at the mouth of the river Ojicajinal, was settled and called San Crist6bal de la Habana; but the name was transferred to a new site on the N. coast, near where the river Marianao falls into the sea, and still later, in 1519, to the present locality. Velasquez also founded Bayamo, Puerto Prin- cipe, and Santo Espiritu. The natives were soon brought into complete subjection, and were allotted to the settlers as encomiendas, in gangs of about 300 to each Spaniard, who employed them in the cultivation of the soil, principally in the growing of sugar cane. They disappeared so rapidly under the cruel treatment which they received that in 1553 there were but few left. As early as 1534 the officials applied to the emperor for " 7,000 ne- groes, that they might become inured to labor before the Indians ceased to exist." With the virtual extinction of the natives the agricul- ture of the island declined, and it became mainly a pastoral country. In 1537 Diego Columbus relinquished by agreement his right to appoint the government for Cuba, and the king made Hernando de Soto captain general. The audiencia (supreme court), which had been organized in Santo Domingo for the ad- ministration of justice, was soon transferred to Cuba (Puerto Principe), and a law was passed appointing the captain general the president of the court. The island was governed as one department up to 1607, when it was divided into two. All powers, civil and military, were vested in the captain general, who resided at Santiago, which was the capital till 1552, when Angulo removed it to Havana. All the gover- nors had the title of captain general, although many of them were civilians, and their sub- stitutes were called lieutenants general. In the early days the discovery of Mexico and other countries drained the island of its working population, and the government passed a law imposing the penalty of death on all who left. Other laws prohibited all foreigners, and even Spanish subjects not natives of Castile, from trading with the island or settling in it. The increase of population was therefore slow ; the introduction of negroes was gradual, and growth was almost stopped. After the cap- ture of Jamaica by the English, in 1655, smug- gling was largely carried on. On the arrival of Governor General Valdez in the latter part of the 17th century, it was discovered that nearly all the Havanese were guilty of the crime of rescate or illicit trading, the penalty of which was death. At the suggestion of Valdez, a ship was freighted with presents for the king and sent to Spain with a petition for pardon, which was granted. Havana was de- stroyed by the French twice in the 16th century. In 1592 it received the title of city. During this century monastic institutions were intro- duced into Cuba, and in 1576 the inquisition sent a delegate thither. In 1631 there were six militia companies, armed with arquebuses and crossbows. Epidemics carried off many of the inhabitants in 1648 and 1654. The disease was called putrid fever, but many suspect it to have been yellow fever. The people of Cuba took sides in the dissensions that ensued on the death of Charles III., but through the efforts of Bishop Evelino de Compostela bloodshed was pre- vented and a peaceful triumph obtained for the partisans of Philip V. In 1717 a revolt broke out in consequence of the attempt to establish a tobacco monopoly. Governor Raja was obliged to flee, but the trouble was quelled, and the factory was set up ; it continued until the beginning of the present century, when it was suppressed by Arango. In 1723 a second uprising took place, induced by oppressive government, and 12 of those implicated were hanged by the captain general Guazo. Print- ing was introduced about this time. Between 1724 and 1747 many ships were built at Havana, comprising 6 ships of the line, 21 of 70 to 80 guns each, 26 of 50 to 60 guns, 14 frigates of 30 to 40 guns, and 58 smaller vessels ; in all, 125 vessels, carrying 4,000 guns. Since the latter date there has been little ship building there. During the present century the ma- chinery of one steamer, the Sagua, was built at Sagua la Grande, and one war steamer and one merchant steamer were built in Havana. In 1762 Havana was taken by an English fleet and army under Lord Albemarle. The Eng- lish retained the island only until July of the following year, but during that time over 900 loaded vessels entered the port of Havana, more than all the previous entries since the dis- covery. Prior to this period 60,000 slaves had been imported. From 1763 to 1789 the impor- tation was about 1,000 a year. In the latter year the Spanish slave code was promulgated, and the slave trade, previously a monopoly, was made free, after which importations in-