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606 CYCLOPAEDIA manarum et Divinarum Antiquitates, and the Eistoria Naturalis of Pliny, approached to the character of cyclopaedias. The last is a vast compilation, treating of 20,000 matters of im- portance, drawn from about 2,000 volumes. Astronomy, mathematics, natural philosophy, botany, mineralogy, medical science, arts, agriculture, all came within the compass of his researches. His work has the merit of show- ing the progress which science and the arts had made down to the time at which he wrote. The collections of Stobaeus, Suidas, and especial- ly of Marcianus Capella (about A. D. 480), and of Isidorus Hispalensis (about 630), may also be regarded as works of the same character. The Satyra of Capella is a confused exposition of the seven liberal arts, and the Origines of Isidorus furnishes a complete knowledge of the state of mental culture at the epoch of its pub- lication. Cyclopaedias were not uncommon in the middle ages, under the titles of Summce and Specula. One of the most celebrated is the Speculum Historiale, Naturale et Doc- trinale, by the indefatigable Dominican Vin- cent of Beauvais (Vincentius Bellovacencis, about 1250), to which a Speculum Morale, by an unknown author, was afterward added. This repository of scholastic science, consisting mostly of extracts from the works of writers of the time, is particularly valuable for the light it sheds on the literary history of that period. The first edition was published at Strasburg (7 vols. fol., 1473-'6), and the last at Douai (4 vols. fol., 1624). Of mediaeval particular cyclopaedias, or complete treatises on special subjects, the Summa Theologian of Thomas Aquinas is an eminent example. Al- farabius enriched the 10th century with a cy- clopedia which; on account of its systematic subdivision of the various branches of knowl- edge, might be justly compared to works of the same denomination in later centuries. Casiri describes it, in his Bibliotheca Ardbico-Hispana Escurialensis, as a work ubi Scientiarum, arti- umque liberalium, synopsis occurrit, una cum accurata et perspicua earum notitia, defini- tione, divisione, methodo. In the 16th century several works of a cyclopaedic character ap- peared, such as the Margarita PUlosopJiica of Reisch (Freiburg, 1503, and Basel, 1583) ; the Cyclopaedia of Ringelberg (Basel, 1541), a small thick volume, consisting of concise trea- tises on grammar, logic, and other branches ; the Encyclopaedia seu OrUs Disciplinarum Epistemon of Scalich (Basel, 1559); and the Idea Methodicae et Brems Encyclopaedia, seu Adumbratio Universitatis. by Martini (Her- born, 1606). These were followed by Alsted's more elaborate work, Cursus PhilosopJiici En- cyclopaedia (4 vols., Herborn, 1620 ; afterward entitled Scientiarum Omnium Encyclopaedia, Herborn, 1630, and Lyons, 1649), which is commonly referred to as the most celebrated of the early cyclopaedias. Its plan is not un- like that of Ringelberg, but its subjects are more varied and more elaborately treated. It consists of 35 books, of which the first 4 contain an explanation of the nature of the subjects discussed in the rest. Then follow 6 on philology; 10 on speculation and 4 on practical philosophy ; 3 on geology, jurispru- dence, and medicine ; 3 on the mechanical arts ; and 5 on history, chronology, and mis- cellaneous topics. This work was held in high estimation till the close of that century. In the early part of the 17th century appeared also the De Dignitate et Augmentis Scien- tiarum (1605) and the Novum Organum Scientiarum (1620) of Lord Bacon ; works not voluminous, but rich in deep and acute thinking, and in which he laid the foun- dation of a logical arrangement of the sci- ences. After his time appeared a multitude of cyclopaedias designed for the instruction of the young and uninformed. Such were the Science des personnes de la cour, de Vepee et de la role, by Chevigny (5th ed. by Limiers, 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1717), and the Pera Libro- rum Juvenilium, by Wagenseil (5 vols., Alt- dorf, 1695). Treatises written to bring univer- sal knowledge into systematic order also be- came more numerous. This was the aim of the PolyUstor of Morhof (Llibeck, 1688), and of the Cours d 1 etudes of Condillac. In Germa- ny, Sulzer endeavored to show the essential connection of all branches of learning in his Kurzer Inbegriff aller Wissenscliaften (Berlin, 1756) ; and his classification was adopted and improved by many succeeding cyclopaedists, as J. M. Gesner, in his Primce Lineae Isagoges in Eruditionem Universam (Gottingen, 1774), Reimarus (1775), Adelung(l778), Reuss(l783), Klugel(l788), Buhle(1790), and Btisch (1795). Eschenburg, in his Lehrbuch der WissenscJiaf- ten (Berlin, 1792), was the first to attempt a cyclopaedia of the sciences on the principles of the Kantian philosophy. He found imitators in Burdach, Kraus, and others. Complete logi- cal classifications were made also by Krug, in his VersucJi einer systematiscJien Encylclopadie der WissenscJiaften (Wittenberg, 1796-'8) ; by Schmid, in his Allgemeine Encylclopadie und MetJiodologie der WissenscJiaften (Jena, 1811); by Jasche, in his Einleitung zu einer Architelc- tonik der WissenscJiaften (Dorpat, 1816); by Kronburg, in his Allgemeine WissenscJiaftsleJire (Berlin, 1825) ; by Gruber, in the introduction to the second volume of Ersch and Gruber's Encylclopadie ; and byKirchner, in his AJcade- mische PropadeutiJc (Leipsic, 1842). Although the lexicographic arrangement had been em- ployed by Suidas, it was but slowly brought into use after the revival of learning. It was long before the idea occurred that it might bo used as the basis of a universal repertory of hu- man learning, and still longer before it was em- ployed as the vehicle of general treatises. The first lexicographic cyclopaedias contained no- tices only of celebrated persons and places, as the Dictionarium Proprium Nominum Viro- rum, Mulierum, Populorum, Idolorum, Urli- um, Flumorum, Montium, &c., by Robert Ste-