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610 CYCLOPEDIA 1833-'44). 4. Encyclopedie du XIX* siecle, a Roman Catholic work, published by Ange de Saint-Priest (28 vols., Paris, 1839-'52). 5. Encyclopedie catholique : Repertoire universel et raisonne des sciences, des lettres, des arts et des metiers, avec la Mographie des hommes celebres, directed by the abbe Glaire and Vis- count Walsh (18 vols. 4to, Paris, 1840-'48; supplement, 1859 et seq.). 6. Encyclopedie nouvelle, ou dictionnaire philosophique, scien- tifique, litteraire et industriel, edited by P. Leroux and J. Reynaud (8 vols., Paris, 1834 et seq.). This unfinished work contains many remarkable articles, and is less a dictionary of general knowledge than a series of dissertations. Its editors were distinguished philosophers of the St. Simonian school ; the collaborators were few, and the elaborate articles present through- out a unity of view and doctrine. 7. Diction- naire des sciences philosophiques, par une so- ciete de professeurs de philosophic, directed by A. Franck (5 vols., Paris, 1844-'52). 8. Dic- tionnaire general de Mographie, d'histoire, de geographic, des antiquites et des institutions, &c., by Dezobry and Bachelet (2 thick 8vo vols., Paris, 1857). 9. Dictionnaire universel des sciences, des lettres et des arts, by Bouillet (1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 9th ed., 1870). 10. Diction- naire universel d'histoire et de geographic, by Bouillet (1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 22d ed., 1871). 11. Dictionnaire universel du XIX 6 siecle, by Pierre Larousse (8 vols. 4to, to the letter G, Paris, 1867-'73). Among the early German cyclopaedias, the most celebrated is the Oeko- nomisch - technologische Encylclopadie, com- menced at Berlin in 1773 by Krunitz, and continued successively by F. J. Florke, H. G. Florke, Korth, and C. D. Hoffmann; of which upward of 200 vols. 4to have appeared. Though originally limited to economy and technology, it has become almost a general cyclopaedia. A new, unchanged edition of the first 97 volumes appeared at Berlin (1782- 1814), and another edition (32 vols., Berlin, 1785-1812) includes 116 volumes of the ori- ginal work. The Deutsche Encylclopadie, be- gun at Frankfort by Koster (1778), and con- tinued by Roos to the 23d volume, as far as the letter K (1804), remains unfinished. It excludes biography, geography, history, and ancient literature. The Allgemeines Lexikon der Eunste und Wissenschaften, by J. T. Ja- blonski, appeared in Leipsic (1721; new ed. at Konigsberg, 2 vols., 1748-'67). Theology, history, and geography were excluded from it. Hegel's Encyclopddie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (Heidelberg, 1817; 3d ed., 1830), though bearing this general title, is in reality only an exposition of his system of phi- losophy. The Grosses vollstdndiges Universal- Lexikon aller Wissenchaftenund Kunste, edited successively by Ludewig, Frankenstein, Longo- Hus, and others, and commonly called Zedler's Lexicon, after the publisher (64 vols., Halle and Leipsic, 1732-'52; 4 supplementary vols. added, 1751-'4), is still useful on account of the citations, and of its carefully prepared ge- nealogical articles. The most comprehensive German work of this character is the cele- brated Allgemeine Encylclopadie der Wissen- schaften und Kunste of J. S. Ersch and J. G. Gruber, late professors at Halle (Leipsic, 1818 etseq.; not yet concluded). In 1831 the un- dertaking passed from the hands of Enoch Richter, who began it, to the Brockhaus firm, its present publishers. The work is divided into three sections, the first including A-G, the second H-N, and the third the remaining letters of the alphabet. The sections are prose- cuted contemporaneously, the first since the death of Ersch being edited by Gruber and M. H. E. Meier ; the second, by A. G. Hoffmann in Jena ; and the third, by M. H. E. Meier in Halle. About 150 large 4to volumes have (1874) been issued. This cyclopedia is esteemed the most learned and thorough that has appeared in any literature. Biographies of the living are ex- cluded from it. A new epoch in the literature of cyclopaedias began with the publication of the Gonversations-Lexikon (6 vols., Leipsic and Amsterdam, 1796-1810), a work of unequal- led popularity, which has passed through 11 successive editions at home, and been trans- lated into numerous languages abroad. The idea of the work originated with Dr. Lobel ; it was, however, completed under the inspec- tion of F. A. Brockhaus, who conducted the second edition (10 vols., 1812-'19). It was originally designed for persons who desired to take part in the conversation of well informed circles; but this distinctive feature has been to a certain degree changed by numerous im- provements in successive editions, so that its present title, Allgemeine deutsche Eeal-Ency- Iclopddie fur die gebildeten Stdnde (Conversa- tions-Lexilcon), conveys a clearer idea of its gen- eral character. The 1 1 th edition was published at Leipsic (15 vols., 1864-'8), and a supplement in 2 vols. was added in 1872-'3. Several im- portant cyclopaedic works have been issued by Brockhaus, in connection with the Conver- sations- Lexikon, as the Conversations-Lexicon der neuesten Zeit und Literatur (4 vols., Leip- sic, 1832-'4) ; the Conversations- Lexikon der Gegenwart (4 vols., 1838-'41) ; the Gegenwart, a periodical, in which the alphabetical order was abandoned, but which consisted of essays giving a cyclopaedic exhibition of the present time (12 vols., 1848-'56) ; and Unsere Zeit, a similar monthly, now in progress (1857 et seq.}. The Universal- Lexicon der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart of Pierer (26 vols., Altenburg, 1824 -'36; 6 supplementary vols., 1840-'47; 2d ed., 34 vols., 1840-'46 ; 3d ed., 17 vols., 1849-'52 ; supplement of 6 vols. added, 1851-'4, and of 2 vols., 1855; 5th ed., 19 vols., 1869-'72) is admirable on account of its universality and the brevity and completeness of its statements. The other principal German cyclopaedias are : Encylclopadisches Sachworterbuch (21 vols., Zeitz, 1792-1806; 2d ed., 3 vols., 1822-'3), which excludes biographies and natural his-