Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume V.djvu/626

622 CYTHERA he formed a plot against his life, which was discovered by Tissaphernes, and pardoned on the intercession of Parysatis, widow of Da- rius. Reinstated in his satrapy, Cyrus col- lected a powerful army, including 13,000 Greek mercenaries (one of whom was Xeno- phon, their leader in the subsequent retreat), and marched from Sardis in the spring of 401 toward JBabylonia, with the secret purpose of dethroning his brother. Having crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus, he met the king at the head of an immense army, near Cunaxa. The battle was nearly won, especially by the valor of the Greeks on the right wing, when, perceiving Artaxerxes in the centre, the am- bitious prince furiously rushed to assail him, and fell pierced by a javelin, after having wounded his brother. The character and ac- complishments of this prince are described by Xenophon, in the first book of the Anabasis. CYTHERA. See OEEIGO. CYZICUS, one of the oldest and most power- ful of the Greek cities of Asia, situated on a small island in the Propontis, near the Mysian shore, said to have been founded by a Pelas- gic tribe, expelled from their homes by the JEolians. It was afterward subject alternately to Athens, Sparta, and Persia, and obtained its independence after the time of Alexander. In the wars which determined the fate of the kingdom of Syria it took part with Pergamus and the Romans against Antiochus. The hero- ism with which the Cyzicenes defended their city when it was besieged by Mithridates Ob- tained for it the rank of a libera cimtas. When Constantino created the new province of Hellespontus, he made Cyzicus the capital. It was partially destroyed by an earthquake in A. D. 443, and was captured and completely ruined by the Arabians in 675. The place is now overgrown with neglected orchards and vineyards, and a low sandy isthmus has been formed converting the island into a peninsula. CZAJKOWSKI, Miehal, a Polish novelist, born in the Ukraine in 1808. After the Polish revolution of 1830 he betook himself to Paris, and in 1840 was sent by a portion of the Polish emigration on a mission to Turkey, where he became a Mohammedan under the name of Mohammed Sadik Effendi. On the outbreak of the Crimean war, he organized and with the title of pasha commanded a body of troops called the Cossacks of the sultan, and after the retreat of the Russians from the Danubian S*incipalities was made military governor of ucharest. He remained in Turkish service after the war, until, his son having in 1872 ob- tained permission to settle in Russia, he was soon after allowed by Alexander II. to return to his native country. His novels, which treat chiefly of Cossack and Ukrainian life, and of which Wernyhora is the most esteemed, have been translated into several languages. CZAR, or Tzar, a title of the sovereigns of Russia, meaning king or lord. It has been supposed to be a corruption of the Latin Caesar, CZARNIECKI in the sense of the German Kaiser, but the ancient Slavic translation of the Bible has Ice- sar for /caZaap, and tzar for king. Karamzin and others, therefore, compare the term with the syllable sar found in the names of the Assyrian and Babylonian rnonarchs Phalassar (Pileser), Nabonassar, and Nabopolassar, and with the Hebrew sar (commander, chief). The Mongols used the same appellation, and prob- ably the Russians adopted it from them. It is used by Russian annalists as early as the 12th century ; but as the official title of the monarch it dates from the 16th. Before this period they styled themselves grand princes (xelilcoi TcniazJi) of Kiev, Novgorod, Vladimir, Moscow, &c. Basil Ivanovitch assumed in 1505 the title of samoderzhetz, or autocrat ; his son Ivan the Terrible was crowned in 1547 as czar. After the annexation of Smolensk and the Ukraine, the title of czar of Moscow was changed into that of czar of Great, White, and Little Russia (of all the Russias). Though the word czar was used by the Russians also to designate the emperors of the West, as well as of the East (hence the name Tzargorod, city of the emperor, for Constantinople), Peter the Great, to be without contradiction ranked among the monarchs of the highest category, in 1721 assumed in addition the title of impe- rator, or emperor. In the long negotiations for the acknowledgment of this dignity, which was contested by many states of Europe, it was proved that Maximilian L, who in 1514 concluded a treaty of alliance with Russia against Poland, had used the term emperor (Kaiser) for czar, and that the same was done by other powers in the 16th and 17th centu- ries. It was not, however, till the reign of Catharine II. that Poland, Spain, and Turkey acknowledged the imperial dignity of Russia. The wife of the czar was anciently called tza- ritza ; his sons had the title of tzarevitcJi, his daughters that of tzarevna. Since the death of Alexei, the latter appellations have been replaced by those of grand prince and grand princess (generally rendered grand duke and grand duchess). Constantine, the second son of Paul L, received in 1799 the title of tzesare- rntch, which was bestowed after his death in 1831, by the emperor Nicholas, upon his own son Alexander (now the reigning emperor). The wife of the latter received the title of tzesarevna. The crown prince Alexander Alex- androvitch, born in 1845, now bears the former title. The empress is styled in Russian impe- ratritza. The popular Russian appellation of the sovereign is still czar, or hosudar (hospo- dar, lord). Czar was also the ancient title of the princes of Grusia, or Georgia, and Imere- thia, now Russian provinces. CZARNIECKI, or Czarnecki, Stefan, a Polish general, born at Czaruca, in the palatinate of Sandomierz, in 1599, died at Sokolowka, Vol- hynia, in 1665. Of a noble but poor family, he studied at the university of Cracow, en- tered the army, and met with little advance-