702 DAUBENY 80 delighting to explain to his classes the bril- liant discoveries of Haiiy, his former pupil. He was chosen a member of the senate in 1799, and undertook to perform the duties of the office ; but the change in the simple routine of his life at his advanced age, and exposure at a rigorous season, brought on apoplexy, and on his first meeting with the senate he fell sense- less into the arms of his colleagues, and soon expired. He was buried in the jardin des planter which he may almost be said to have created. He left besides the works already mentioned many important essays which are preserved in the Memoires of the academy of .sciences (1750-'85), royal medical society (1777 -'83), &c. He published also in book form Instructions pour les Mergers et les proprie- taires de troupeaux (Paris, 1782), Tableau me- thodique des miner aux (1784), and Memoir e
- ur les indigestions (1785). His Catechisme
des Mergers (1810) appeared posthumously. His wife, MAEGUEEITE, who was also his cousin, was the author of several romances, of which the most notable and successful was Zelie dans le desert (1787). She died in Paris in 1818, at the age of 98. DAUBENY, Charles Giles Bridle, an English nat- ural philosopher, born at Stratton, Glouces- tershire, Feb. 11, 1795, died Dec. 13, 1867. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and was professor of chemistry at Oxford from 1822 to 1855, and of botany from 1834. He travelled in the United States in 1837-'8, and directed his observations particularly to mineral springs, of which, and of the geology of North Ameri- ca, he published accounts in the papers of the Ashmolean society and of the British associa- tion in 1838. He was president of the British association in 1856. He published a " Descrip- tion of Volcanoes " (1826 and 1848), " Intro- duction to the Atomic Theory" (1831 and 1850), and " Lectures on Climate " (1863). His papers on the volcanoes of Italy, and the ex- tinct volcanoes of central France, possess great geological interest. He proposed the theory that the bases of the earths exist in a metallic state, and by their oxidation give rise to vol- canic fires. He also wrote on the chemical actions exhibited in the growth of plants. D'ApIGNE. See MERLE D'ATJBIGNE. DAFDIN, Francois Marie, a French naturalist, born in Paris about 1774, died in 1804. De- prived from childhood of the use of his legs, he gave himself to study, especially of natural history. He published a number of works and essays, of which the most extensive is the Histoire naturelle des reptiles (8 vols. 8vo, 1802-'4), designed as a sequel to Buffon's work. His wife assisted him in the preparation of his works, for which she drew the illustrations. She died of consumption, and he followed her within a few days. DAULIS, a city of ancient Greece, in Phocis, near the confines of Bceotia, destroyed by the Persians under Xerxes, rebuilt and again de- stroyed by Philip of Macedon ; but it was once DAUNOU more rebuilt, and is mentioned in later times as a town almost impregnable because of its position on the summit of a lofty hill. Daulis is famous in mythology as the scene of the tragic events contained in the myths of Tereus, Procne, and Philomela. Its ruins are still to be seen above the modern village of Davlia. DAUMAS, Melchior Joseph Engene, a French sol- dier and author, born Sept. 4, 1803, died near Bordeaux in May, 1871. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1822, but was appointed a sub-lieutenant in 1827. In 1835 he was sent to Algeria, where he served in the campaigns of Mascara and Tlemcen, applied himself to the study of Arabic, and became noted for his acquaintance with the customs of the native population. From 1837 to 1839 he was consul at Mascara, the residence of the emir Abd-el- Kader. Gen. Lamoriciere gave him the control of native affairs in his department, and two years later he was placed at the head of the administration of Algeria, and the present con- stitution of the government is largely due to his arrangement. In 1849 he commanded an expedition against the revolted tribes. In 1850 he was appointed director of Algerian affairs in the ministry of war. He was made a gene- ral of division Jan. 14, 1853, and senator Aug. 12, 1857, and retired from active duty in the army in 1868. Among his works are: Ex- pose de Vetat actuel de la societe ardbe, &c. (Algiers, 1845) ; Le grand desert, published with A. de Chancel (Paris, 1845 ; new ed., 1861) ; La Grande Kabylie (1847) ; Mceurs et coutumes de V Algerie (%5S) ; and Les chevaux du Sahara, and Principes generaux du cava- lier ardbe (1855). DAUN, Leopold Joseph Maria, count, generalis- simo of the imperial troops in the seven years' war, born in Vienna, Sept. 25, 1705, died Feb. 5, 1766. He took a distinguished part in the war against the Turks, 1737-'9, and in the Silesian wars, 1740-'42 and l744-'5. In the seven years'" war he defeated Frederick the Great in the battles of Kolin (1757) and Hoch- kirch (1758), and captured in Saxony Frede- rick's general Fink, with 11,000 Prussians (1759). Laudon lost the battle of Liegnitz in 1760, because Daun failed to relieve him ; and Daun lost the battle of Torgau, the same year, after having won it in the daytime, by Zie- then's cavalry attack at night, and was him- self wounded. At the close of the war in 1763 he retired to private life. DACNOU, Pierre Clande Francois, a French scholar and politician, born at Boulogne-sur- Mer, Aug. 18, 1761, died in Paris, June 20, 1840. In 1792, being a member of the na^ tional convention, he denied its right to try Louis XVL, and voted for his detention only. He signed the protest against the proceedings of May 31, 1793, which doomed the Girondists to their fate, and was in consequence arrested. He resumed his seat after the 9th Thermidor, and entered the council of 500, of which he was the first president. In 1797 he went to
