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186 DOLET headquarters of Garibaldi. It was occupied by the Germans Nov. 14, 1870, and again Jan. 21, 1871. DOLET, Ktienne, a French scholar and printer, born in Orleans in 1509, burned as a heretic in Paris, Aug. 3, 1546. He was fond of classical studies, and one of the especial admirers of Cicero, and warmly defended this predilection against the sarcasms of Erasmus. He was rash and impetuous, which made him many enemies, who lost no opportunity of per- secuting him. Having been often accused of cherishing heretical sentiments, he was at last adjudged an atheist by an ecclesiastical court at Paris, in consequence of an expression which he used in his translation of the Axiochus of Plato, which was not to be found in the original ; and for this he was condemned. DOLGORUKI, a princely family of Russia. GEIGORI in 1608 -'10 gallantly defended a monastery near Moscow against the Polish forces under Sapieha. In 1624 MARIA married Czar Michael, founder of that branch of the house of Romanoff which still retains the throne of Russia; but she died four months later. YAKOV, born in 1639, was liberally edu- cated, and entered the civil service in 1676, and was sent as ambassador to the western powers in 1687. He entered the army in 1695, and distinguished himself in the campaign against the Turks, especially at the siege of Azov. In the war with Sweden he was cap- tured (1700) and kept a prisoner at Stockholm for ten years. After his release Peter made him a senator and confided to him the most important affairs of state. He died in St. Petersburg in 1720. YUBI (George), a general under Alexis and Feodor, was killed in the re- volt of the Strelitzes (1682), while fighting for the claim of Peter to the throne. MIKHAIL, his son, who had been a minister of Feodor, per- ished with his father. IVAN was the friend of Peter II., to whom his sister Catharine was betrothed; but the czar died before the day set for the marriage (1730), and Ivan made a vain attempt to have him name Catharine as his successor. He then aided in raising Anna to the throne; but through the influence of her favorite, Biron, he and all his family were exiled. Afterward recalled from exile, he was accused of conspiracy, and executed at Novgorod (1739). Other members of the family were exiled. VASILI, born in 1667, entered the army at an early age, and in 1715 had risen to the rank of major general. Peter the Great sent him on a special mission to Poland, and he was afterward minister to France, to Ger- many, and to Holland. In 1718, for suspected complicity with the czarevitch Alexis, he was banished ; but Catharine recalled him in 1726, and made him general-in-chief, and commander of the army in the war against Persia. In 1728 Peter II. appointed him field marshal, and the next year he became president of the coun- cil of war. In 1739 he was imprisoned on some trivial pretext ; but when Elizabeth came DOLLAR to the throne, two years later, she released him and restored his marshalship. He died in 1746. VASILI, nephew of the preceding, commander-in-chief of the army of Catharine II., conquered the Crimea in a short campaign in 1771, and received from the empress the surname of Krimskoi. VLADIMIR resided for 25 years as minister of Catharine II. at the court of Frederick the Great, whose friendship he gained. MIKHAIL, born in 1766, was aide- de-camp to Alexander, and served in the cam- paigns against France and in Moldavia in 1805- '6, and in Finland as lieutenant general in 1808, where he fell in battle. IVAN, born in 1764, spent most of his life in the public service, but cultivated letters, and was a frequent contribu- tor to current literature. He wrote many patri- otic poems, and is especially noted for his epis- tles and satires. He died at Moscow in Decem- ber, 1823. VASILI was minister of war from 1849 to 1856, and was then for some time min- ister to France. He died in 1868. PETE, born in Moscow about 1817, wrote several works, among which are : Eecueil de genealogies russes (St. Petersburg, 1840-'41) ; Notice BUT les prin- cipales families de la Eussie (Brussels, 1843), an English translation of which appeared in London in 1858; Dictionnaire de la nollesse russe (St. Petersburg, 1854-'7) ; La verite sur la Russie (Paris, 1860), for which the Russian government banished him and confiscated his estates ; and La France sous le regime Bone partiste (Paris and London, 1864). He di< in Bern in August, 1868. His Memoires were published after his death in Basel, in two volumes (1869-71). DOLLAR, the monetary unit in the United States and several other countries, both of coined money and money of account. All values in the United States are expressed in dollars and cents, or hundredth s. The term mill, for the T oVo f a dollar, is rarely em- ployed. The dollar unit, as a money of ac- count, was established by act of congress of April 2, 1792, and the same act provides for the coinage of a silver dollar " of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now. current," and of half and quarter dollars in proportion. The silver dollar was first coined in 1794, weighing 416 grains, of which 371J grains were pure silver, the fineness being 892-4 thousandths. The act of Jan. 18, 1837, reduces the standard weight to 41 2| grains, but increases the fineness to 900 thousandths, the quantity of pure silver remaining 371 J grains as before, and the half and quarter dol- lars suffering proportional changes. By the act of Feb. 21, 1853, the half dollar was re- duced in weight to 192 grains, and the quarter dollar in proportion, and these coins became a legal tender only for sums not exceeding $5, while the dollar suffered no change in weight, and remained a legal tender for all sums. The act of March 3, 1849, directs a coinage of gold dollars. They were issued the same year, weighing 25 T 8 ^ grains, -& fine, 23^ grains be-