Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/203

DOMAT for agricultural colleges and other institutions of learning, and still larger to the states or to private corporations for the construction of canals, railroads, and other public works. The general purpose of these grants is to facilitate settlement and advance the general prosperity, rather than to make the lands a source of rev- enue. Rapid as has been the disposal of pub- lic lands, 1,307,115,448 acres still remained unsurveyed and 1,387,732,209 84 unsold and unappropriated in 1870, according to the esti- mate of the United States land office ; but this is subject to large deductions when the grants for railroad lines are earned and located. The term domain is applied variously in other coun- tries; but in general it embraces, 1, the high- ways, harbors, fortifications, &c. (as to which see EMINENT DOMAIN) ; 2, the government pal- aces and other public buildings, gardens, for- ests, parks, crown jewels, &c. ; 3, forfeited es- tates and other property which the govern- ment may dispose of for revenue ; 4, the pri- vate estate of the monarch, which he may dispose of by will or otherwise, but which if not so disposed of will pass to his successor. D031AT, or Danmat Jean, a French jurist, born in Clermont-Ferrand, Nov. 30, 1625, died in Paris in 1695 or 1696. For 30 years he was king's advocate at Clermont. His great work is Les lois cimlesdans leur ordre naturel (5 vols., 1689-'97; English translation byW. Strahan, 2 vols. fol., London, 1737; edited by L. S. Gushing, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1850). Domat is called by Victor Cousin "incom- parably the greatest jurisconsult of the 17th century," and by Boileau "the restorer of reason to jurisprudence." The intimate friend of Pascal, and his associate in many of his ex- periments in natural philosophy, he was dis- tinguished for his taste for mathematics and philosophy as well as for legal attainments. DOMBROWSKI, Jan Henryk, a Polish general, born at Pierszowice, Aug. 29, 1755, died at Winagora, June 16, 1818. He entered the army under Prince Albert of Saxony in 1770, where he rose to the superior grades and be- came aide-de-camp to Gen. Bellegarde. The diet of Warsaw having voted for the organiza- tion of an army of 100,000 men, and recalled all the Poles then in foreign service, Dom- browski joined the Polish forces commanded by Poniatowski in the campaign against the Russians in 1792, served with distinction in 1793, and took part in the insurrection of 1794 under Kosciuszko, but surrendered after the fall of Warsaw. Having rejected offers from both Russia and Prussia, he accepted a com- mission from the French directory in 1796 to enroll a Polish legion at Milan, and after ser- ving in the Italian campaigns under Bona- parte, Gouvion Saint-Cyr, andMassena, entered the service of the Cisalpine republic in 1802. In 1806 he joined Napoleon at Berlin, published a proclamation calling upon the Poles to rise, and soon entered Warsaw at the head of two national divisions. He was wounded in the DOME 195 battle of Friedland, to the favorable issue of which he greatly contributed; in 1809 he fought with Poniatowski against the Austrians ; in the Russian campaign of 1812 he commanded a division of the grand army ; in 1813 his Poles fought bravely in Germany, particularly at Leipsic ; and on the creation of the kingdom of Poland by the czar Alexander he was raised to the rank of general of cavalry and senator palatine. He soon after retired to his estates at Winagora, in the grand duchy of Posen, where he occupied himself with arranging his historical memoirs. He bequeathed his manu- scripts, together with his library and collection of antiquities, to the society of the friends of science at Warsaw. DOME (Gr. 66[ios, d&[j.a, building ; Lat. domus, a house ; medieval Lat. doma, a cupola), a con- cave covering to a building or part of a build- ing. The Italians apply the term il duomo to the principal church of a city, and the Ger- mans call every cathedral church Dom ; and it is supposed that the word in its present English sense has crept into use from the circumstance of such buildings being frequent- ly surmounted by a cupola. Some writers on architecture restrict the term dome to the con- vex surface of the roof, and cupola to its con- cave part. The dome may be a segment of a sphere, spheroid, ellipse, polygon, or any similar figure, but in all cases every horizontal section should have a common vertical axis ; it is called surmounted when it rises higher than the radius of its base, surbased or diminished when its height is less than the radius of its base. The thickness should increase toward the base, where the structure is weakest, and where the spreading force of the superincumbent weight tends to burst the dome outwardly. To coun- teract this pressure, iron hoops or chains ate often employed. When built of stone the dome is stronger than the arch, as the tendency of its parts to fall inward is resisted not only by the parts above and below it, but also by those on each side. The constituent pieces are formed somewhat like the frustum of a pyra- mid, so that when placed in their positions their four angles may point toward the axis of the dome. Each course is thus self-support- ing, and not only may the whole be con- structed without centering, but an aperture, called the eye, is frequently left in the top without damage to the security of the structure. The dome seems to have been invented by the Romans or Etruscans, and in the time of Augustus was a common feature in Roman architecture. There is no proof that the Greeks or Egyptians had any knowledge of it, nor is it found in any of the early monuments of Hin- dostan, but after the Mohammedan invasion of India it was generally adopted in that country. The grandest dome that has remained to us from antiquity is that of the Pantheon at Rome, which, though 19 centuries have passed over it, still retains all its stability and mag- nificence. Its exterior presents the appear-