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DRUSES DRUSUS 2T5 Ibrahim Pasha, who subdued them, and one of them was appointed emir, with viceregal powers, and tributary to the sultan. These emirs gradually became more formidable, till in the beginning of the 17th century the power and ambitious policy of the emir Fakhr Deir el-Kamr. ed-Din roused the Porte to action. Fakhr ed- Din fled to Italy with a large retinue, and re- signed the authority to his son Ali. A palace at Pisa was appropriated to his use, and he resided there five years, at the expiration of which he was reinstated in authority over his tribe. He extended his jurisdiction until he became the virtual ruler of nearly the whole of Syria, but was finally subdued by the armies of the sul- tan, made prisoner and sent to Constantinople, where he was put to death, April 13, 1635. The districts of the mountain were finally par- celled to the various sheiks, as tributaries of the pasha. About 1771 these tribes made com- mon cause against the Arab Metualis, whose rebellion against the Turks threatened to dis- lodge all the tributaries of the Ottoman power. In 1811 Topal Ali, then governor of a district on the banks of the Orontes, be- tween Latakieh and Aleppo, penetrated the mountain recesses and expelled all the Druses dwelling there; 1,500 families, the survivors, fled to the Lebanon, where they were warmly received, especially as 600 families of the lat- ter had just emigrated into theHauran, border- ing on the Syrian desert. Invaded by the Russians, the Egyptians, and by the formida- ble Daher, pasha of Acre, they were driven from their homes, plundered, and dispersed. Under the bloody pasha Jezzar, though the Druses suffered, yet on the whole their rela- tive power was increased. The emir Beshir She- haab, though a Christian by profession, belongs to the history of the Druses more than to that of the Christians in the Lebanon. His capital was in the heart of their mountains, and his policy was influenced by their dictation. Their most powerful sheik, Beshir Jumblat, was his ally, adviser, and almost his rival. The alliance between these two powerful chiefs was broken about the close of 1824, when the extortions of the emir drove the Druses into revolt, and sent Jumblat into volun- tary exile. The sheiks of the various tribes rallied to avenge his cause, but were defeated. Ibrahim Pasha, son of Mehemet Ali of Egypt, attempted to invade them in their fastnesses, without success ; hun- dreds of his soldiers fell in trying to force one of the passes. The Druses bore a part in the strife which resulted in the restoration of Syria to the Turkish sultan. In 1842 they were again in insurrection against the Turks; and more recently they have waged a harassing war- fare against their rivals the Maronites. In 1860 (May-July) a great massacre of the Christians by the Druses, seconded by the Turks, took place. Zahleh, the stronghold of the Christians, was taken by stratagem, and the inhabitants were slaughtered ; 8,000 men are said to have fallen. At Deir el-Kamr the Turkish governor, who had promised to defend the Christians on condition of their surrendering, betrayed them to the Druses, who slew them to a man. Then followed the massacre of Christians by the Mos- lems at Damascus, Sidon, &c. Here the Euro- pean powers interfered. A French army landed at Beyrout, an English fleet followed, and com- missioners were sent to investigate these affairs. The ringleaders were executed, and a Chris- tian governor was appointed in the Lebanon. The fullest account of the Druses in English is contained in Col. Churchill's " Mount Leba- non" (4 vols. 8vo, London, 1855-'62). See also "Druses of the Lebanon," by the earl of Caernarvon (London, 1860), and Theogonie des Druses, translated from the Arabic by H. Guys (Paris, 1863). DRCSUS. I. Clandins Nero, commonly call- ed Drusus Senior to distinguish him from his nephew, the son of Tiberius, born in 38, died in 9 B. C. His mother, Livia Drusilla, was divorced from Claudius Tiberius Nero and married to the emperor Augustus three months before the birth of Drusus; and the latter, on the death of his father, was committed to the guardianship of his stepfather. His noble bearing and the liberality of his political senti- ments won him early popularity, which was increased by the exploits of his maturer years. After obtaining permission of the senate to