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DULCIGNO DULUTH 305 Republic, which rises in the mountainous dis- trict of the province of Tucuman, about lat. 25 45' S., Ion. 65 50' W., and after a S. E. course of 400 m. loses itself in Lake Porongos. Accord- ing to some authorities, it passes through the lake and empties into the Rio Salado. Its banks are low and are often inundated in the wet season. Above Santiago it is called the Hondo, and at its head the Tala. DULCIGNO (Turkish, Olgun ; anc. Olcinium), a town of Albania, European Turkey, on the Adriatic, 18 m. W. S. W. of Scutari, and 6 or 7 m. N. W. of the river Bojana; pop. about 8,000. It is on an isolated hill forming a cape which is united to the mainland by an isthmus. It contains a strong castle, has about 1,000 houses, and is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. It surrendered to the Romans at the com- mencement of the hostilities with Gentius, king of the Illyrians, in 167 B. 0., and in conse- quence received the privilege of freedom and exemption from taxation. The Venetians suf- fered a great defeat here in 1718, their fleet and army being annihilated by a storm and the at- tack of the Turks. Its inhabitants were once known, under the name of Dulcignottes, as the most formidable pirates of the Adriatic. They now live mostly by agriculture. DULCIMER, an ancient musical instrument, resembling, if not identical with, the psaltery or nebel of the Jews. The modern dulcimer consists of a small box, in shape a triangle or a trapezium, containing a number of wire strings stretched over a bridge at each end, and struck with little iron rods or wooden sticks in the hands of the performer. DULONG, Pierre Louis, a French naturalist, born in Rouen, Feb. 12, 1785, died in Paris, July 19, 1838. He studied medicine, which he practised for some time, and then devoted him- self to physical science. After numerous anal- yses and researches upon chlorine and am- monia, he was led in 1811 to the discovery of the chloride of nitrogen. He was twice in- jured by the explosions of this new compound, and lost an 'eye and a finger. In 1816 he dis- covered hypophosphorous acid, and introduced into the nomenclature the prefix hypo, to de- note a less degree of oxidation. In 1820 he labored with Berzelius in the laboratory of Berthollet, and investigated the origin of ani- mal heat. He found that in the carnivora the heat due to the transformation of oxygen into carbonic acid is not more than one half of the whole, and in the herbivora even a small- er proportion. In 1825 he was appointed on the commission to provide precautions against the explosion of steam boilers ; and for four years he labored almost alone with Arago in determining the elastic force of steam at dif- ferent temperatures. Dulong was a member of the academy of sciences, and in 1832 suc- ceeded Cuvier as perpetual secretary for the department of physical sciences. His numer- ous works treat particularly of gases and heat. DULSE. See ALG^E. DULUTH, a city, port of entry, and the capi- tal of St. Louis co., Minnesota, at the S. W. extremity of Lake Superior, about 145 m. N. N. E. of St. Paul, opposite and 7 m. N. of Superior City, Wis., in lat. 46 48' N., Ion. 92 6' W. ; pop. in 1870, 3,131, of whom 1,865 were foreigners; in 1873, over 5,000. It is picturesquely situated on the side of a hill which overlooks the lake and rises gradually toward the N. W., reaching the height of about 600 ft. at the distance of a mile from the shore. The buildings are of wood, but blocks of brick and brown stone are in process of construc- tion. The average temperature for the year ending Sept. 30, 1872, was 38'7, the coldest month being December (7'7), and the warmest August (68-1). The rainfall was 34-44 inches. From the hill, looking S., a fine view of the harbor may be obtained. On the extreme right are St. Louis river and bay, shut in by Rice's point on the Minnesota 'side and Con- nor's point in Wisconsin, between which there is a narrow outlet. On the left of these is a body of water dotted with islands, known at the X. end as Duluth bay or the inner harbor, and at the S. as Superior bay. Duluth bay is enclosed by Minnesota point, 7 m. long, which stretches nearly across the head of the lake, and has a lighthouse on its extremity ; Superior bay is shut in by Superior or Wisconsin point, between which and Minnesota point there is a channel, called the " entry," 600 ft. wide, ob- structed by shifting sand bars, which forms the only natural entrance to the inner harbor. On the left of Minnesota point is the outer harbor, protected by a breakwater about a mile be- yond. The obstructions of the "entry" are avoided by a ship canal, 250 ft. wide and 16 ft. deep, through the upper part of the point, protected by piers, on the southern one of which a lighthouse is in course of erection. A dike, m. long, was constructed in 1872 from Minnesota point to Rice's point, com- pletely shutting in Duluth bay from the " en- try," but a passage for vessels has been cut through it. The harbor is open about 200 days in the year. Several docks, besides the extensive works of the railroad companies, have been built, and when the improvements in progress and contemplated by the United States government are completed, the city will have a dockage front of 20 m., affording ac- commodation for the largest vessels. The Northern Pacific and Lake Superior and Missis- sippi railroads terminate here, and six regular lines of steamers run to Chicago, Cleveland, Canadian ports, and the ports on the S. shore of Lake Superior. The commerce of Duluth, situated as it is in the vicinity of the mineral districts on both shores of the lake, surrounded by a well timbered country, and offering the most convenient outlet for the products of the wheat region further W., is of growing im- portance. The number of vessels arriving in 1870 was 158; in 1871, 263, with an aggregate tonnage of 161,567; in 1872, 369 (2l7Ameri-