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318 DUN-LE-KOI a " History of the New Netherlands " (2 vols. 8vo, 1840). DUN-LK-ROI, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cher, on the Auron, 16 m. S. E. of Bourges; pop. in 1866, 5,454. It was for- merly a very important town, and in the 12th century was strongly fortified. There are iron mines and quarries of lithographic stone in the neighborhood. DUNN, a N. W. county of Wisconsin, inter- sected by Chippewa and Cedar rivers; area, 850 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,488. The surface is uneven and generally covered with forests. The soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 204,346 bushels of wheat, 71,574 of Indian corn, 233,404 of oats, 45,069 of po- tatoes, 12,329 tons of hay, and 209,830 Ibs. of butter. There were 1,567 horses, 2,813 milch cows, 4,512 other cattle, 4,182 sheep, and 4,214 swine ; 3 flour mills, 1 planing mill, 14 saw mills, and 2 machine shops. Capital, Menomonee. DUNNING, John, Lord Ashburton, an English lawyer, born in Ashburton, Devonshire, Oct. 18, 1731, died in Exmouth, Aug. 18, 1783. At the age of 19 he went to London, where he was admitted to the bar in 1756. For a long time he obtained little practice; but having been employed in 1762 to draw up the defence of the English merchants against the Dutch East India company, he gained much reputa- tion, which was soon afterward increased by the able manner in which he conducted the case of Wilkes. In 1768 he was elected to parliament, where he sat in the house of com- mons until he was raised to the peerage in 1782. In 1770 he resigned the office of solicitor general, which he had held for three years. In 1782 he was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He was a strong opponent of the administration during most of the American war ; but his reputation is tarnished by his acceptance of a pension of 4,000 after he was raised to the peerage, although he had before objected to the needless and burdensome amount of the pension list, and was very wealthy. DUNNOTTAR, a parish of Kincardineshire, Scotland, on the shore of the North sea, noted for its castle, S. of Stonehaven, now in ruins, which stands on the summit of a perpendicular cliff, 160 ft. high, projecting into the sea, with a deep chasm between it and the mainland ; it is approached only by a steep winding path. Sir William Wallace captured it in 1297, at which period it was regarded as one of the strong- est places in the kingdom ; and the privy coun- cil selected it during the wars of the common- wealth as the depository of the regalia of Scot- Land. It was defended long after every other fortress in Britain had passed into the hands of the protector, but was finally forced to sur- render. In 1685 Dunnottar castle became the prison of many of the Covenanters. After the rebellion of 1715 it was dismantled. DlfNOIS, Jean, comte de, a French soldier, born Nov. 23, 1402, died Nov. 28, 1468. The DUNS SCOTUS natural son of Louis, duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., he early gained warlike dis- tinction under the appellation of the bastard of Orleans. In 1427, in conjunction with La- hire, he raised the siege of Montargis, then beset by the English. In 1428 he threw himself into Orleans, which was hard pressed by a power- ful English army, and upheld the spirit of the troops and citizens until they were relieved in April, 1429, by Joan of Arc. Dunois then became a faithful follower of the heroine, sharing in all her exploits, and particularly in her victory at Patay. In 1432 he recovered Chartres by stratagem ; and in 1436 he was one of the generals who marched into Paris, to help the citizens in driving out the English. Several measures adopted by the government of Charles VII. were obnoxious to the nobles, and Dunois in 1440 took part in the rebellion headed by the dauphin, and known as La Praguerie ; but he soon became reconciled with Charles, and in 1449 received the title of lieutenant general of the king, with com- mand of the principal force for the invasion of Normandy. In less than a year, chiefly by his activity, skill, and prudence, all the cities, towns, and fortresses of Normandy were re- covered. In 1451 he led his victorious army into Guienne, stormed the town of Blaye on the Gironde, and within three months comple- ted the conquest of that province, Bordeaux in- cluded, which for 300 years had been in the hands of the English kings. Nothing was now left them on the continent except the city of Calais and its vicinity As a reward for his services Dunois was appointed grand chamber- lain to the king. After the accession of Louis XI. he was deprived of some of his offices, and joined in 1465 the rebellious league of the great lords, which assumed the name of "league of the public weal;" but on the conclusion of the peace at Conflans, he was restored to his former offices. DUNS SCOTUS, John, a scholastic theologian of the 13th century, born probably in Dunse, Berwickshire, Scotland, about 1270, died in Co- logne in 1308. He was educated at Oxford, en- tered the order of St. Francis, and taught the- ology and philosophy first at Oxford, and then, his fame having spread all over Europe, at Pa- ris. The acumen and subtlety of his reasoning obtained for him the cognomen of doctor su~b- tilis. The controversies between Duns and Thomas Aquinas on the relation of human per- ception to real objects, and on various reli- gious doctrines, were continued for a long time by their respective disciples, who were called Scotists and Thomists. The reasoning of Duns goes to show that the knowledge derived from human conceptions and experience is real and trustworthy, inasmuch as the fundamental ideas upon which human knowledge rests are identical with the absolute substance (unwer- sale) of existing objects. Reality is the limita- tion of the absolute substance by individuation, or, in the quaint terminology of Duns, the Jicec-