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338 DWINA vortiser," and in the latter year removed to New York, where he established the " New York Daily Advertiser," of which he remained the editor till 1836, when he retired to reside in Hartford. Three years before his death he returned to New York. In 1889 waspublished his " Character of Thomas Jeiferson as ex- hibited in his own writings," a book intensely partisan. He was also the author of a "Dic- tionaiy of Roots and Derivations," and of sev- eral other educational works. V. Theodore, an American author, son of the preceding, bora in Hartford, March 3, 1796, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 16, 1866. He graduated at Yale college in 1814, and intended to study for the ministry, but was attacked with hemorrhage of the lungs and ordered abroad by his physician. After travelling over the greater part of Eu- rope, he published in 1824 "A Tour in Italy." In 1833 he removed to Brooklyn and engaged in many public and philanthropic enterprises. He assisted his father in editing the " Daily Advertiser," was for a time editor and pub- lisher of the "New York Presbyterian," and contributed to most of the principal magazines and other periodicals. He was a man of great cultivation, conversing with ease in the French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese languages, and having a good knowledge of German, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. At the time of his death, which was caused by a railroad accident, he was engaged in translating Amer- ican works of instruction into Spanish, with the purpose of introducing them into the Span- ish American countries. He was the author of a "History of Connecticut" (1841), "The Northern Traveller " (1841), "The Eoman Re- public of 1849" (1851), "Life of Garibaldi" (1859), and of a number of educational works. DWINA, or Dvina, Northern, a river of Russia in Europe, formed in the government of Vo- logda by the junction of the Sukhona and Vitchegda, flows N. W. into the government of Archangel, where it receives the Pinega and the Vaga, and after a course of about 400 m. falls through several mouths, forming a number of islands, into the White sea, nearly 30 m. below the city of Archangel. It is navi- gable for its whole length, with an average width of 550 ft., and is the largest stream in northern Europe, traversing a marshy country, and increased by numerous affluents. It forms part of a system of canals completed in 1807, by which a water communication is established between the White, Baltic, Black, and Caspian seas. (For the Southern Dwina, see DUNA.) DYARS. See BORNEO. DICE. I. Alexander, a British scholar, born in Edinburgh, June 30, 1797, died in London, May 15, 1869. Ho was educated at the high school of Edinburgh and at Exeter college, Ox- ford, and was several years a curate in Corn- wall and Suffolk. In 1827 he removed to Lon- don, and for more than 40 years devoted him- self to literary and critical studies. His publi- cations were numerous and valuable, showing DYEING not only patient industry and research, but great sagacity and acuteness. His editions of the older English dramatists are highly es- teemed. In 1836-'8 he published an edition, with notes, of the works of Richard Bentley (3 vols.). He also contributed to Pickering's "Aldine British Poets" revised texts of Pope, Collins, Beattie, and Akenside, and brief but excellent biographical sketches of these writers. Through his efforts, in conjunction with Col- lier, Halliwell, Wright, and others, the Percy society was founded in 1840, for the publica- tion of old English ballads and plays. Two editions of Shakespeare, one in 6 vols. (1850- '58), and the other in 9 vols. (1864-' 7), con- tain the finished results of his critical labors and researches. Pie also wrote " Recollections of the Table Talk of Samuel Rogers." II. William, a British painter, cousin of the pre- ceding, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, about 1805, died at Streatham, England, Feb. 14, 1864. He was educated at the university of Aberdeen, and obtained the degree of M. A. in 1822. After studying painting at the academy of Edinburgh,, he spent two years (1825-'7) at Rome. On his return he settled in Edinburgh. Having been appointed head master of the school of design, he removed to London in 1838, and subsequently became professor of painting in the university of London. He was elected an associate of the royal academy in 1845, and royal academician in 1848. Having distinguished himself by his frescoes at the Westminster competition in 1844, he was one of the artists chosen to decorate the palace of Westminster and the house of lords, and exe- cuted several frescoes at Osborne house. Among his works are " St. Dunstan separating Edwy and Elgiva," "Baptism of Ethelbert" (in the house of lords), " King Joash shooting the Ar- row of Deliverance," " Madonna and Child," "Meeting of Jacob and Rachel," "Lear in the Storm," " Christabel," "The Good Shepherd," "Titian preparing to make his Essay in Color- ing," "Neptune assigning to Britannia the Empire of the Sea," frescoes in All Saints' church, Margaret street, " St. John leading home his adopted Mother," " The Man of Sor- rows," and " George Herbert at Bemerton." DYEING. Among the first records of the human race are frequent intimations of an ap- preciation of the brilliant hues displayed by natural objects, and means were early found of appropriating them for the adornment of personal apparel. To the fine linen were transferred the brilliant blue, scarlet, and purple hues extracted from vegetable or ani- mal substances, the last named color reserved exclusively for the vestments of kings and high priests. The skins of the ram and the badger used by Moses for the tabernacle were dyed red, and in his time the art of color- ing woollen purple was already known.. The Tyrians early attained a high perfection in the art, and their king sent to Solomon a man skil- ful to work "in purple and blue, and in fine