Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/351

DYEING DYER 343 same as for blue, simple immersion and subse- quent washing and exposure. Aniline red, also known as rosaniline, fuchsine, Magenta, and Solferino, is made by combining aniline with various mineral compounds, and also acids, such as chloride of iron, tetrachloride of tin, nitrate of mercury, nitric acid, and arsenic acid, the last named substance being the one most used. The aniline may be separated from its mineral combinations by the action of alka- lies, and the precipitate redissolved in acetic or hydrochloric acid, in one case forming an ace- tate of rosaniline or fuchsine, and in the other a hydrochlorate. Mauve, or aniline purple, was the first discovered of the aniline dyes, and consists of some salt of mauvine, as the sul- phate, according to the process of Perkin, the discoverer, which consisted in oxidizing aniline with bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid. It may be prepared by using other reagents, as by the action of chloride of lime on a solution of aniline in hydrochloric acid. Silk is dyed with it by simple immersion in the alcoholic solution until the desired color is obtained. By the addition of acids a more decided purple may be formed. Since the discovery by Grabe and Liebermann, in 1869, of the process of arti- ficially producing alizarine from anthracene, this dye, which in chemical composition and behavior is identical with alizarine obtained from madder, has to a considerable extent taken its place, and is one of the principal coal-tar colors. It is used with mordants in a similar manner to that for the prepara- tions of madder. (See ALIZARINE.) Silk is usually dyed yellow, especially on the conti- nent of Europe, with weld, using alum as a mordant. In England, according to the plan of Mr. Bancroft, quercitron bark is frequently substituted, alum being retained as the mor- dant, to which sometimes a small quantity of tin salt is added. It is cheaper, and is thought to produce a color equal to that given by weld. Silk may be dyed a fast green by mordanting with persulphate of iron, dyeing blue with fer- rocyanide of potassium, and afterward adding the yellow by treatment with fustic; but of late aniline green or emeraldine has been used with as much advantage as it previously had been with cotton. It is produced by dyeing with acid hydrochlorate of aniline goods which have been mordanted with chlorate of potash. If they are subsequently passed through a solu- tion of chromate of potash, they are changed to a deep indigo blue, called azurine. Cotton and linen are more difficult to dye than wool or silk, and require stronger mordants. Cotton may be dyed blue with the cold lime and cop- peras vat described for dyeing wool, and also by the use of sulphindigotic acid, and linen may be dyed by the same method. Either fabric may be dyed yellow with weld, fustic, quer- citron, chrome yellow, or acetate of iron (nan- keen). The most brilliant and permanent red which can be imparted to cotton goods, Turkey red, is produced by first saturating them in a mixture of 100 Ibs. of Gallipoli oil, 20 Ibs. of pearlash, and 50 gallons of water. This mix- ture is sufficient for the preparation of about 2,000 yards of calico. After padding, the pieces are exposed to the air at a temperature of 90 or 100 F. for 24 hours, and the padding and ageing are repeated as many as eight times when a deep color is required. The portion of the oil which has not suffered oxidation is then removed by steeping in an alkaline solu- tion, and the goods are well washed. To a decoction of 30 Ibs. of gall nuts there are added 120 Ibs. of alum and 10 Ibs. of acetate of lead, and the liquor is made up to 120 gallons. The goods are then immersed in it and aged three days, and fixed by passing through ground chalk mixture. They are then washed and dyed in madder, to which are added some sumach and blood. Fpr deep colors the gall- ing, aluming, and dyeing are repeated. The color is then a heavy brown red, which is brightened by soaping, or treatment with di- lute nitric acid. The influence of the Gallipoli oil (a crude kind of olive oil) has long been a matter of discussion, but no settled conclusion has been reached in regard to it. It has often been attempted to shorten the process, but without success, except in the clearing and brightening, for Avhich garancine, the product obtained by treating madder with concentrated sulphuric acid, has been used with advantage. The fullest information in regard to the pres- ent state of the art of dyeing is given under the various related titles in Watts's " Dictionary of Chemistry" (6 vols., London, 1870-'72), and Wagner's " Chemical Technology " (New York, 18T2). Among special works on the subject are those of C. L. and A. B. Berthollet, " Elements of the Art of Dyeing and Bleach- ing" (London, 1841); Robert McFarlane, "A practical Treatise on Dyeing and Calico Print- ing" (New York, 1860); M. Reimann, "Hand- book of Anilines " (New York, 1868) ; Charles O'Neill, " Dictionary of Dyeing and Calico Printing" (Philadelphia, 1869); and James Napier, F. 0. S., " Chemistry applied to Dye- ing" (Philadelphia, 1869). DYER, a W. county of Tennessee, separated from Missouri by the Mississippi river, and drained by Obion and Forked Deer rivers; area about 400 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,706, of whom 2,893 were colored. The soil is rich, and the surface level and partly occu- pied by excellent timber tracts. The chief productions in 1870 were 74,090 bushels of wheat, 749,175 of Indian corn, 99,210 Ibs. of butter, 412,440 of tobacco, and 4,908 bales of cotton. There were 3,855 horses, 3,531 milch cows, 5,571 other cattle, 8,831 sheep, and 36,448 swine. Capital, Dyersburg. DYER, George, an English author, born in London, March 15, 1755, died there, March 2, 1841. He was educated at Christ's hospital and at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, and was suc- cessively a tutor, Baptist minister, parliamentary reporter, and writer. He was a schoolmate and