Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/355

EACHARD EAGLE 347 r. stand for de ed re ; q. e. d. for quod erat demonstrandum; e. g. and e. c. for exempli gratia and exempli causa. In syllogisms, A = asserit, E = negat. On French coins it desig- nates Tours ; on those of Austria, Carlsburg in Transylvania ; on those of Prussia, Konigsberg. In Greek, E has the value of 5, and with a mark below it, of 5,000. According to Baro- nius, it represented the number 250 in the pe- riod of the decline of classic literature. It de- notes the third great interval in modern musi- cal nomenclature, or the fifth string in the chro- matic scale, and is called mi in vocal music. EACH A 111), John, an English divine, born in Suffolk in 1636, died July 7, 1697. He was a fellow of Cambridge, in 1675 succeeded Dr. Lightfoot as master of Catharine hall, and early became known by his satires against the clergymen of his time. He wrote upon "The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy and Religion," which he attributed to the insufficient salaries of clergymen, and the consequent necessity for them to eke out a living by unbecoming means. The work passed rapidly through six editions, and drew down upon its author abundant criticisms. He pub- lished two dialogues upon Hobbes's " State of Nature," in which he humorously attacked the ideas of that philosopher. An edition of his works was published in 1714, in 3 vols. 12mo. EADAIER, or Edmer, an English monk and historian, died in 1124. He was chosen in 1120 bishop of St. Andrews in Scotland, but the Scottish king refusing to allow his conse- cration by the archbishop of Canterbury, and thus to admit the primacy of that see, he either declined the bishopric or abdicated it after a short possession, and died as a monk of Can- terbury. Besides a life of his friend St. An- selm, contained in most of his editions of An- selm's works, he wrote the lives of Wilfred, Dunstan, and other English saints; but his most valuable work is the "History of his own Times," an account of the principal events in England and in the English church from 1066 to 1122 (best ed. by Selden, 1623). EAGLE, a bird of prey, of the order rap- tores, family falconidce, and subfamily aquilinm. The eagles have a strong bill, elevated at the culmen, straight at the base, and much arched to the tip, which is hooked and sharp; the sides are compressed, and the lateral margins festooned ; the nostrils are in the cere, large ; the wings are long and acute, the third, fourth, and fifth quills usually the longest ; the tail is long, ample, mostly rounded at the end ; the tarsi are long, either clothed with feathers to the base of the toes as in the golden eagle, or naked and covered with scales as in the bald eagle ; the toes are long, strong, armed with large, curved, and sharp claws. In the type genus aquila (Moehr.) belongs the golden eagle of Europe and America (A. chrysaetos, Linn.). The length is about 3 ft. 2 in., the extent of wings 7 ft., the bill along the back 2| in., the tarsus 4 in., and the middle toe and claw the same ; the bill is very robust, angular above ; the head is moderate, the neck short, and the body full ; the tarsi are feathered to the toes, and the feet are very stout ; the mid- dle toe has a membrane at the base connecting it with the others. These are the dimensions of an adult female, the male being considerably smaller, in conformity with the rule that in birds of prey the females are larger than the males. The plumage is compact, imbricated, and glossy ; the feathers of the neck and head are narrow and pointed, and may be erected like a short crest; the tail consists of 12 broad feathers. In the adult the bill is black at the tip, bluish gray at the base, the cere and mar- gins yellow ; iris chestnut ; toes bright yellow, claws black; general color of the plumage dark brown, glossed with purple; the hind head and neck light brownish yellow, the fea- thers with dark shafts ; the wing coverts light brown ; primaries brownish black ; tail round- Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). ed, dark brown, lighter at the base, irregularly marked with whitish ; lower tail coverts, fea- thers of legs and tarsi, yellowish brown. The immature bird is of a deep brown, with the tail white at the base for three quarters of its length, and dark at the end ; this is the ring- tailed eagle of Wilson and others ; the adult, from its majestic appearance, is called in Eu- rope the royal eagle ; the American species is considered distinct by some, and is called A. Canadensis (Linn.). The golden eagle is rare- ly seen in the eastern portion of the United States, though specimens have been obtained in all the northern states ; the species is most common in the northwest, on the upper Missis- sippi, and in the mountainous regions ; it is also found in the cold and mountainous districts of northern Europe and Asia. The flight is powerful, though less rapid than that of the bald eagle, being continued for hours in ma- jestic circles at a great elevation, and without apparent exertion ; its prey is not seized on