Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/588

580 EMIGRATION United States was 2,244,602 in 1850, 4,138,697 in 1860, and 5,567,229 in 1870. In the last named year statistics concerning the nativity of parents were collected for the first time, and show that there were 10,892,015 persons having one or both parents foreign, 10,521. 233 a foreign father, 10,105,627 a foreign mother, and 9,734,- 845 both parents foreign. There were there- fore 1,157,170 persons of mixed (half American and half foreign) parentage. In measuring the increase of the foreign element, Dr. Jarvis as- sumes that only one half (578,585) of this num- ber should be added. Deducting this from the census statement, 10,313,430 remain as the surviving number of foreigners and their chil- dren of the first generation, as reported by the census of 1870. This, however, does not in- clude the children of the second and third generations, the number of whom Dr. Jarvis determines at 400,000, making the total foreign element in 1870, 10,813,430; American, 22,- 775,947 ; aggregate white population, 33,589,- 377. The census reports the total number of surviving foreigners in 1870 and the total of their children born in the United States of en- tire and half foreign parentage, but gives no indication of the nationality or race of these children. The distribution of the entire foreign element into the chief nationalities has been computed by Dr. Jarvis as follows : NATIONALITY. Born in foreign countries. Their children born in U. S. Tot-1. Irish 1,855,827 1,600,410 705,027 238,791 1,017,074 1,775,012 1,616,795 731,712 228,892 972,875 8,630,839 8,807,205 1,496,739 467,183 1,990,049 British Scandinavian All others Aggregate. 5,567,229 5,824,786 10,892,015 According to the report of the United States bureau of statistics, 9,058,141 aliens had ar- rived in the United States from the foundation of the government to Jan. 1, 1874, of whom 250,000 were estimated to have come prior to 1819. Deducting If per cent, for those not intending to remain, the total number of aliens permanently added to the population to the close of 1873 was 8,907,172. Dr. Jarvis has determined the number of foreigners arriving and of those surviving in the United States at decennial periods since 1790. These results are exhibited in the following statement, and it will be seen that the variance is slight from the census returns of foreigners in 1850, 1860, and 1870 : EMIGRANTS ARRIVING IN DECENNIAL PERIODS AND SURVIVING AT THEIR CLOSE. SURVIVING IN 'Period. Number. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1880. 1840. 1850. 1SCO. 1870. 1790-1800 50,000 44,282 84,732 27,241 21,864 16,755 13.135 10272 8179 1800-1810 1810-1820 70,000 114000 61,993 48.623 100 961 88,137 79187 29,912 62109 23,796 49409 18,237 87868 14,600 80315 1820-1830 200000 177 141 188940 110578 84704 67810 1880-1840 682,112 611 486 486450 872 829 298 499 1840-1850... 1,711,161 1,552,709 1,190,036 952,685 1850-1860 2 766 495 2 421 944 1 988 742 1860-1870 2 424,890 2253548 1790-1870 8,018 158 44282 96725 176 825 815880 859 202 2,286 217 4135890 5 564 878 Census , . . . 2,244,602 4,138,697 5,567,229 Variance 8 885 2 807 2 851 In reaching the above results, the numbers of the survivors of those who arrived in each decade are calculated at the annual rate of 2-4 per cent, mortality and -976 per cent, sur- viving for the periods 1790 to 1850, 2 '625 per cent, mortality for the period 1850 to 1860, and 2 -2 per cent, mortality for the de- cade I860 to 1870. This is a very high rate of mortality, especially when it is considered that among the emigrants are included only a small portion of those in the perilous periods of life, the very young and the aged, but that they are chiefly in the healthy ages, when the death rate is low. This, however, may be explained by the fact that they are mostly of the poor, whose death rate is everywhere greater than that of the comfortable classes; and that a large proportion of them are Irish, whose vi- tality is very low. It would be important to know the capital value of immigration to the United States, and the addition thus made to the national wealth ; but this result can only be reached by a computation which will be but approximately accurate. In 1 856 the com- missioners of emigration in New York ex- amined every emigrant as to the amount of his means, and it was ascertained that the average cash of each of the 142,342 arriving that year was $68 08. This amount, however, was thought to be much below the actual average, since it subsequently appeared that many emigrants, not understanding the ob- ject of this inquiry, were careful not to re- port the full amount of their means. Mr. Kapp estimated the average amount of money brought by each emigrant at $100, and other personal property at $50; total, $150. This estimate, however, is believed by many to be far beyond the facts. Dr. Young estimates the average amount brought by each at $80. Assuming that the 422,545 aliens who arrived in the United States in 1873 with the inten-