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CHURCH OF ENGLAND >pal churches of England and Ireland, the urch of England and Ireland being the state urch, established by law in Ireland, although adherents formed but a small minority of .e Irish population. But by act of parliament hich took effect Jan. 1, 1871, the Irish church as disestablished. (See IKELAND, CHTJKOH OF.) The church of England is divided into two provinces, Canterbury and York, with an arch- bishop in each, and under these 25 bishops. The bishop of Sodor and Man does not sit in parliament. The other English bishops con- stitute the spiritual peerage of England, and are appointed by the crown. Next to the archbishops rank the bishops of London, Dur- ham, and Winchester, and the others take rank according to the date of their consecration. In 1872 there were 12,837 benefices in England and Wales. The church rates amount to more than 500,000, but are no part of the ministers' endowment, being devoted exclusively to the repairs and incidental expenses of the churches. New parishes, which are frequently formed out of old and over-populous ones, are for the most part very slenderly endowed. The old benefices are rectories, where the incumbent receives the great or corn tithes, or vicarages, where he receives the small tithe only. The great tithes had been bestowed formerly upon the neighboring monasteries, and at their dis- solution were given to laymen and to endowed colleges. The total annual revenue of the church property in 1830 was 3,192,885, of which less than 1,000,000 belonged to the Irish branch. The average joint support of incumbents and curates is now about 300 per annum. An ecclesiastical commission was ap- pointed in 1836, and some approach made to- ward converting the income of the church into a common fund, with a distribution to be made >rding to the wants and necessities of each ce. The incomes paid to the bishops range m 15,000 to the archbishop of Canterbury 2,000 paid to the bishop of Sodor and an ; the aggregate of the episcopal incomes being (in 1872) 154,200. There are 30 deans with incomes ranging from 3,000 (Durham) to 700 (Bangor). As assistants of bishops there were (in 1872)72 archdeacons, and under them were 565 rural deans. The clergy of every class were estimated at 18,000. The mber of parishes is about 12,000; and the jregate number of sittings in all places of wship in 1872 was 5,701,700. The official census of England gives no information regard- ing the numerical strength of the population connected with the church of England, and the estimates differ considerably. In Martin's " Statesman's Manual " for 1873 it is estimated at 12,700,000, or only little more than one half ; in Eavenstein's " Denominational Statistics of England and Wales " (London, 1870), at 77'8 per cent, of the total population, which accord- ing to the census of 1871 would be 17,781,000. Nearly all writers on this subject agree that the church of England has been during the ENGLAND (LANGUAGE, &c.) 629 last 20 years steadily losing ground. While the number of dioceses in England has long been stationary, that of the colonial and mis- sionary bishops has of late rapidly increased. The first colonial see established was that of Nova Scotia, in 1787 ; next came Quebec, in 1793. The first East Indian see was that of Calcutta, founded in 1813; the first West In- dian, that of Jamaica, 1827; the first Austra- lian see (Sydney) was established in 1836 ; the first of South Africa in 1850. In 1873 there were 54 colonial and missionary dioceses in connection with the church of England. Of these, 5, Bombay, Calcutta, Colombo, Labuan, and Madras, were in the East Indies : 5, An- tigua, Barbadoes, Jamaica, Nassau, and Trini- dad, in the West Indies ; 2, Guiana and Falk- land islands, in South America; 9, Cape Town, Graham's Town, St. Helena, Natal, Mau- ritius, Central Africa, Orange River State, Eastern Africa, and Madagascar, in south and east Africa; 2, Sierra Leone and Niger, in west Africa; 10, Adelaide, Bathurst, Bris- bane, Goulburn, Grafton and Armidale, Mel- bourne, Newcastle, Perth, Sydney, and Tas- mania, in Australia; 10, British Columbia, Fredericton, Huron, Montreal, Newfound- land, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Rupert's Land, and Toronto, in British North America ; 6, Christ Church, Nelson, Auckland, Welling- ton, Whaiagua, and Dunedin, in New Zealand ; the remainder were the dioceses of Melanesia in the Pacific, of Honolulu in the Hawaiian islands, of Victoria in Hong Kong, of Gibraltar, and of Jerusalem. Besides the church of Ire- land, also the Episcopal church of Scotland and the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States agree in doctrine with the church of England. (See EPISCOPAL CHUKOH.) ENGLAND, Language and Literature of. The English is preeminently a composite language, made up mainly from the Celtic, Latin, Anglo- Saxon, Danish, and Norman French, with the addition of words from the Greek and many other languages, ancient and modern. For the investigation of this subject there are two modes. One is linguistic, and is more strictly philological. The affinities and diversities of the various words in the language furnish the internal evidence of the several sources from which the vocabulary and the constructions were derived. The other mode, which is eth- nological, and which furnishes the external evidence from the history and migration of nations, often conducts to the same conclusions with the linguistic method. When, for in- stance, we hear of a stream called Wans-leclc- water, and know that each of the three words of which the name is made up signifies " water," the first in the Celtic, the second in the German, and the third in the English, we recognize three changes of inhabitants, to whom the former name successively lost its significance. This is internal evidence. We also know from history that the Celts, the Sax- ons, and the English have successively occu-