Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/671

ENTOMOLOGY 659 classification. His system was as follows : I. In- sects without a metamorphosis, changing their skin but not their form, as spiders, lice, wood lice, and myriapods. II. Insects with a meta- morphosis : a, those moving in all stages of ex- istence, at first wingless, then with rudimentary and finally with entire wings, including what are now called neuroptera, orthoptera, and hemiptera ; ~b, motionless in the pupa state, but having limbs, including the hymenoptera, coleoptera, and lepidoptera ; c, ovate pupse, wingless and motionless, as the diptera. John Kay, an English clergyman living in the latter part of the 17th century, was the first true sys- tematist, and doubtless furnished Linnasus with many of the ideas afterward successfully worked out by him. In a " History of Insects," pub- lished after his death in 1705, is the following ar- rangement : I. Insects without metamorphosis, including 1, apoda (annulate worms) terres- trial and aquatic ; 2, pedata, including the ter- restrial (lice) and aquatic hexapods, the octo- pods (spiders), lobsters and crabs, the terrestrial polypods (centipedes and wood lice), and the aquatic polypods (amphipoda and isopoda of Latreille). II. Insects with metamorphosis, including 1, those with moving larva? and pupa} (orthoptera and hemiptera) ; and 2, those with motionless pupa?, as coleoptera, lepidop- tera, diptera, and hymenoptera. III. Insects with simple metamorphosis, moving through most of the stages, like the dragon flies. Rgaumur, in the early part of the 18th century, published his Memoires pour servir d Vhistoire des insectes, affording valuable information on the habits of insects, but wanting in systematic arrangement. About the same time, in 1735, appeared the Systema Naturae, of Linnaeus, who displayed in the classification of insects the same intuitive perception of the characters of groups that is observable in his other branches of the animal kingdom. His system is based on the characters of the wings and the presence or ab- sence of a sting, as follows : I. Insects with four wings, including the following orders : , co- leoptera, with the anterior wings crustaceous, rith a straight suture ; 2, hemiptera, with licrustaceous incumbent anterior wings ; 3, ndoptera, with all the wings covered with lies ; 4, neuroptera, with all the wings mem- ious, and with no sting in the tail ; 5, hy- lenoptera, with membranous wings and tail armed with a sting. II. Insects with two wings, comprising, 6, diptera, with poisers in place of the posterior pair. III. Insects with neither wings nor elytra, including, 7, aptera, in which were placed by Linna3us the hexapod lice, fleas, &c., spiders, crabs, and centipedes. The fault of this system is its exclusive princi- ple of division drawn from the wings, which placed among the aptera animals far removed from insects proper. De Geer, a Swede, pub- lished a work on insects between 1752 and 1778, having the same title as that of Reaumur, of which it may in some respects be considered the sequel ; his system is intermediate between that of Linnams and that of Fabricius, who came after him, being based both upon the organs of flight and those of manducation, and according to Mr. Kirby is more natural than that of either of the above named naturalists. It is as follows : I. Insects with wings, alatd, including A. Gymnoptera, or those with four wings without cases, with the subdivisions: 1, lepidoptera, with scaly wings and spiral tongue ; 2, elingula, with naked membranous wings, no teeth nor tongue (trichoptera, ephemerina) ; 3, neuroptera, with membranous, equal, reticu- lated wings, and teeth in the mouth (as libel- lula and other Linnaean neuroptera) ; 4, hy- menoptera, with membranous unequal wings, teeth in the mouth, and a sting or borer in the females ; 5, siphonata, with membranous wings and tongue bent beneath the breast (homoptera of Leach), including the aphides and cicadce. B. Vaginata, or those with two wings covered by elytra, with the subdivisions : 6, dermaptera, with elytra half coriaceous and half membra- nous, crossed, a pair of membranous wings, and tongue bent beneath the breast (hemiptera of Leach), as the bugs and water bugs ; 7, or- thoptera, cockroaches and grasshoppers ; 8, with teeth in the mouth, and the wings of beetles (coleoptera). C. Diptera, with two uncovered wings, including 9, halterata (the diptera of Linna3us), having a pair of poisers, mouth with a tongue without teeth ; 10, pro- boscidea (like the genus coccus), with no poisers, tongue, or teeth in the male, and no wings, but a tongue in the breast of the female. II. In- sects without wings, aptera, including JD. Saltatoria, with the subdivision : 11, suctoria (culex), undergoing metamorphosis,, with six legs, and mouth with tongue, the aphaniptera of Kirby. E. Gressoria, with the subdivisions : 12, aucenata, undergoing no metamorphosis, with six legs, and head and trunk distinct, as termes, pediculus, psocus ; 13, atrachelia, spi- ders and crabs ; 14, Crustacea, as isopods, am- phipods, and myriapods. This system, though not purely artificial, and founded on several correct principles, is yet far from natural, and includes among insects animals which do not belong with them ; his 14 orders comprised only about 1,500 species, referable to 100 genera. Geoffrey, in France, in 1762, pub- lished a system which is important from the introduction of the joints of the tarsi as a means of classification ; he makes only six groups, coleoptera, hemiptera, lepidoptera, te- traptera, diptera, and aptera, the third, fifth, and sixth being the same as the Linnaaan ; it is an exceedingly unnatural system. Fabricius, a German, a pupil of Linnasus, introduced im- portant improvements into the science during the last quarter of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century ; his system is based upon the number, proportions, form, and situation of the parts which constitute the mouth, with- out regard to other parts of the insect; by building upon this narrow foundation he de- parted widely from nature, though by drawing