ERLANGEN tant from its present one, to which it was trans- ferred in 1635. In the vicinity, on a lofty rock, is an immense oval citadel, and the remnants of ruined cities are found in the surrounding plain. In the 16th century it became the residence of the Persian kings of the Sufi dy- nasty. Several times besieged and captured ERMAN 715 Erivan. by the Turks, it returned under Persian domi- nation about the middle of the 18th century. The Russians were repulsed from it in 1808, but took it in 1827, and their general Paske- vitch received the surname of Erivanski. It was confirmed to the Russians by treaty in 1828. ERLANGEN, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Middle Franconia, on the river Regnitz, the railway from Bamberg to Nuremberg, and the Lud wig's canal, 11 m. N. N. W. of Nuremberg; pop. in 1871, 12,511. It has a university, opened in 1743, which is the only Protestant institution of the kind in Bavaria. It was at- tended in 1873- 1 4 by 445 students, and has faculties of theology, medicine, &c., a museum of natural history, a botanic garden, and a libra- ry of about 120,000 volumes. There are an insane asylum, a Protestant gymnasium, and )ther schools. Erlangen is renowned among German towns for its pleasant and cheerful ap- rance. It is divided into an old and a new >wn. The latter is well built, and owes its
- igin chiefly to French Huguenots, to whom
was assigned as a residence by Margrave iristian Ernest in 1686, after the revocation the edict of Nantes. In remembrance of lis prince, the new town is frequently called 'iristian Erlangen. The town has manufac- >ries of hosiery and gloves, and many brew- eries. A monument, designed by Schwantha- ler, in honor of Margrave Frederick of Baireuth, adorns the public square. ERLAU (Hung. Eger a town of Hungary, capital of the county of Heves, in a deep and charming valley, on the river Erlau, an affluent of the Theiss, 66 m. N. E. of Pesth; pop. in 1870, 19,150, chiefly Roman Catholics and Magyars. It has weekly fairs, linen and cloth manufactories, and an important trade in wine, Erlau wine being the best red wine of Hungary Ihere are two warm springs here, much re- sorted to for diseases of the skin. The town has four suburbs and many stately public buildings. The cathe- _^^ dral, the archiepiscopal palace, several church- es, and the hospital founded by Komaromy, are the most notable edifices ; the lyceum (formerly the universi- ty )> a gymnasium, the episcopal seminary, a normal school, and a school of design are the principal learned insti- tutions. Erlau, impor- tant as a bishopric from the time of St. Stephen, became the seat of an archbishop in 1804. In former times, though it possessed strong for- tifications, it suifered much from Tartar and Turkish invasions, especially in 1552, when it repulsed under Stephen Dob6 the repeated as- saults of an immense Turkish army, and in 1596, when it was given up to the Turks by the foreign part of the Austrian garrison. Among the remnants of the old fortress the tomb of Dobo is still shown to visitors. Erlau was conspicuous during the revolution of 1848- '9 for the patriotic spirit of its inhabitants, and as the place whence Dembinski and Gorgey started for their chief campaigns against the Austrians under Windischgratz. ERMAN. I. Paul, a German physicist, born in Berlin, Feb. 29, 1764, died Oct. 11, 1851. He first taught at the French gymnasium and the military school, and was professor of physics in the university of Berlin from its establishment until his death. His contribu- tions to science embrace a wide range of sub- jects, and more especially magnetism and elec- tricity. Having been for some time secretary of the academy for the physical sciences, he became on its reorganization joint secretary with the astronomer Encke of both the physi- cal and the mathematical class. The galvanic prize instituted by Napoleon I. was awarded to him by the French academy of sciences in 1806. II. Georg Adolf, a German physicist, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, May 12, 1806. Between 1828 and 1830 he performed at his own expense a journey round the world, chiefly with the object of making a series of magnetic observations. Hansteen, who had been sent by the Swedish government on a similar expe- dition to western Siberia, was his fellow trav-
