Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/772

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756

ETHNOLOGY

All varieties are connected by numberless forms of transition, and it is impossible to settle beyond all dispute what is genus, and what species; what race, and what variety. Blumenbach's classification, given above, dividing mankind into five races, has been abandoned, because the difference between them is too great. Queinstedt remarks: “If negroes and Caucasians were snails instead of human beings, all zoölogists would agree in classifying them as two different species.” The races are generally distinguished either according to the character of the hair, the color of the skin, the form of the skull, or the convolutions of the brain. The latest results arrived at through the measurements and weighings of the brain will be found in the works of Fritsch, Hitzig, and Meynert. It is believed that in the development of the brain, especially of the frontal lobe, may be retraced the history of man, and that skulls of primitive man furnish a clue to the intellectual spirit of primitive ages. This subject is fully treated in Schaafhausen's Ueber die Urform des menschlichen Schädels (Bonn, 1868). The form of the skulls of the first inhabitants of Europe is ably discussed by Virchow, in his work Die altnordischen Schädel zu Copenhagen (1871). Mankind is divided after the shape of the skull into long-headed (dolicocephali) and short-headed (brachycephali); the negroes and Australians are the strongest types of the former, and the Mongolians of the latter. Between these two extremes are placed the medium-headed (mesocephali), as the Americans. In each of these three divisions are further distinguished the prognathi, or those having oblique teeth on account of the projection of the jaws; and the orthognathi, or those having straight teeth because their jaws project but little. It seems, however, that the labors of the last ten years in measuring and investigating the forms of skulls have not been sufficiently rewarded. A more satisfactory classification is obtained from the character of the hair of the head, which seems to be strictly preserved in each race. The classification made on this basis, combined with the latest results of linguistic research, is given as follows:

CHARACTER
OF HAIR.

Species.

Race.

Habitat.

Came
from the

Present
number in
millions.

Origin of
language.

State of
development.

Ulotriches (wooly).

Lophocomi (in tufts).

I. Papuans.
Homo Papua.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}

1. Negritos

Malacca, Philippines

West

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

2

Single

Retrograde.

2. Papuans

Papua

West

3. Melanese

Melanesia

Northwest

4. Tasmanians

Tasmania

Northeast

II. Hottentots.
Homo Hottentottus.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

5. Hottentots

Capeland

Northeast

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

¹⁄₂₀

Single

Retrograde.

6. Bushmen

Capeland

Northeast

Eriocomi (fleecy).

III. Caffres.
Homo Cafer.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

7. Zooloo Caffres

East South Africa

North

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

20

Single

Progressive.

8. Bechuanas

Central South Africa

Northeast

9. Congo Caffres

West South Africa

East

IV. Negroes.
Homo niger.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}

10. Tibboo negroes

Tibboo

Southeast

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

130

Plural

Progressive.

11. Soodan negroes

Soodan

East

12. Senegambians

Senegambia

East

13. Nigritians

Nigritia

East

Lissotriches (smooth).

Euthycomi (straight).

V. Australians.
Homo australis.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

14. North Australians

North Australia

North

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

¹⁄₂₀

Single

Retrograde.

15. South Australians

South Australia

North

VI. Malayans.
Homo Malayus.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

16. Sundanese

Sunda Archipelago

West

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

30

Single

Stationary.

17. Polynesians

Pacific Archipelago

West

18. Madagascans

Madagascar

East

VII. Mongolians.
Homo Mongolus.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}

19. Indo-Chinese

Thibet, China

South

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

550

Single?

Progressive.

20. Coreo-Japanese

Corea, Japan

Southwest

21. Altaians

Central Asia, N'th Asia

South

22. Uralians

N. W. Asia, N. Europe,
Hungary

Southeast

VIII. Arctics.
Homo arcticus.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

23. Hyperboreans

N. N. E. Asia

Southwest

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

¹⁄₂₅

Plural?

Stationary.

24. Esquimaux

N. N. E. America

West

IX. Americans.
Homo Americanus.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}

25. North Americans

North America

Northwest

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

12

Single?

Retrograde.

26. Central Americans

Central America

North

27. South Americans

South America

North

28. Patagonians

Patagonia

North

Euplocomi (curly).

X. Dravidas.
Homo Dravida.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

29. Deccanese

India

East?

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

34

Single

Stationary.

30. Singalese

Ceylon

North?

XI. Nubians.
Homo Nuba.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}

31. Shangallas

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

Nubia

East

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

10

Single?

Stationary.

32. Dongolese

33. Foolahs

Foolah

East

XII. Mediterraneans.
Homo Mediterraneus.

\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}

34. Caucasians

Caucasus

Southeast

\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}

550

Plural

Progressive.

35. Basques

N. N. E. Spain

South?

36. Semites

Arabia, N'th Africa, &c.

East

37. Indo-Europeans

S. W. Asia, Europe, &c.

Southeast

Half Breeds

Everywhere; principally
America and Asia

11

Plural

Progressive.

—In order to gain a clear view of the geographical distribution of mankind, it is necessary to go back three or four centuries to the time of the discovery of America and of the Indian archipelago, when the present extensive mingling of species, and especially the general invasion of the Indo-European races, were not so far advanced. In the following rapid survey of the human races copious references have been made to the latest works of travel. Our space does not permit us to give in detail the customs and morals of each;