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116 FELLAHS of Notre Dame ; and from that year until 1869 he held that post. He was superior of his order in Nancy, when in June, 1871, he was appointed superior of the Jesuit residence in the rue de Sevres, Paris, in place of Pere Ollivaint, killed during the commune. His sermons have been published under the title of Le progres par le Christianisme : Confe- rences de Notre-Dame (13 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1856-'69). FELLAHS (Arab, fallah, a cultivator), a term applied without distinction to all the peasantry in Syria, Arabia, and Egypt. Of the various races which exist in Egypt the Fellahs are the most ancient, and are probably mainly the descendants of the old Egyptians. They still present a physiognomy resembling that which is found upon ancient Egyptian sculptures. A patient and laborious popula- tion, they have held for ages the soil which Fellahs. the Nile fertilizes. They are generally of large stature, with broad chests, muscular limbs, and black and piercing eyes. The conformation of the brain indicates an intelligent race, the facial angle being usually almost a right angle, though within the Delta the Arab type of countenance predominates. The antique Egyp- tian type reappears most strikingly in the wo- men, who, though slender and graceful, are remarkably strong. The dress of the Fellahs indicates misery and privation, being rarely more than a shirt, leaving bare the arms, legs, and breast. Their ordinary nourishment is coarse bread, water, and onions, to which they are sometimes able to add cheese, dates, beans, or rice. They live in huts about four feet high, the only furniture of which is a mat on which to sleep, a water jug, and a few kitchen utensils. They remain attached to the rudest FELLENBERG agricultural methods, and use almost the sa implements as their remote ancestors ; yet i fruitfulness of the soil compensates for their lack of skill. Mehemet AH failed in his efforts to introduce among them the implements of modern invention. They are able to endure the greatest fatigue, and to work through the whole day in a burning climate with very little food, accompanying their labors with songs. The women ' share the heaviest labors of the men . The Fellahs in Palestine are addicted to theft and robbery, and are averse to work un- less compelled by necessity. This arises partly from their natural indolence, and partly from the exactions of an arbitrary government, which views with distrust any acquisition of wealth. They are generally in debt to usurers, who lend them money at a ruinous rate of interest. FELLATAHS. See FOOLAHS. FELLENBERG, Philipp Emannel Ton, a Swiss educator and philanthropist, founder of the in- stitutions at Hofwyl, born in Bern, June 27, 1771, died there, Nov. 21, 1844. His father was a member of the government and a friend of Pestalozzi. His mother was a descendant of the Dutch admiral Van Tromp. He studied at Colmar and Tubingen, and travelled ex- tensively with a view of familiarizing himself with the condition of the working and suffer- ing classes. He was at Paris shortly after the fall of Robespierre, and there his early convic- tions became strengthened that improved sys- tems of education alone can protect society against revolutions. Returning to Switzerland after taking part against the French, he was exiled when they had succeeded in taking Bern, and went to Germany, where he resided some time. After his return to Switzerland he was employed by the government in a mission to Paris, and in high military and political functions at home. Finding that nothing would be done by the government for the accomplish- ment of his favorite educational projects, he resolved to devote his large fortune to the pur- chase of the estate of Hofwyl near Bern, and to the establishment of model institutions in ac- cordance with the views of Pestalozzi. Fellen- berg's aim was to elevate all classes by opening an institution alike to the poor and the rich, and by not only making agriculture the basis of his instruction, but also elevating that pro- fession to the dignity of a science. Apart from the agricultural school, he founded an establishment for the manufacture of improved agricultural implements. At the same time he laid the foundation of a scientific institution, for which the first building was erected in 1807. The agricultural institution was opened in 1808, and he established in the same year a normal school, which became popular among the teachers of Switzerland, and grew in im- portance as its advantages became known abroad. The institution was gradually enlarged, and comprised altogether seven distinct schools, to which a primary school was added in 1830,