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124 FfiNELON 12mo) appeared at Amsterdam in 1731, are used by persons of all denominations. His ser- mons (12mo, 1744), written during his youth, hold no very high place among productions of their kind, though not without eloquent pas- sages. Among his other works are: Traite de Veducation desfilles (12mo, 1687), written at the request of the duchess de Beauvilliers ; Traite du ministere des pasteurs (1688); De- monstration de V existence de Dieu (1713), after " Telemachus " his longest and most important work ; and Dialogues sur I* eloquence en general, et sur celle de la chaire en particulier, with a Lettre sur la rhetorique et la poesie, addressed to the French academy (1718). An edition appeared at Paris in 1787-92 (9 vols. 4tc), at the cost of the assembly of the clergy of France, but does not contain the Maximes des saints, the Mandements, nor the writings on Jansen- ism and quietism. The best editions of Fene- lon's complete works are those by Gosselin and Caron (34 vols., Versailles and Paris, 1820-'30), Adrien Leclere (38 vols., Paris, 1827-'30), and the abbe Gosselin (10 vols. large 8vo, Lille, 1852). The best editions of his literary works are Didier's (Paris, 1861) and Ducrocq's (1862) ; of his philosophical works, Charpentier's (Paris, 1843) and Hachette's (1860) - and that of his educational works, Didot's (Paris, 1850). Of the English translations of " Telemachus," the most esteemed is that of John Hawkesworth, LL. D. (4to, London, 1768, and 12mo, New York, 1859). His life has been written by the 'chevalier Ramsay (the Hague, 1723), his grand-nephew Francois Louis, marquis de la Mothe-Fenelon (1747), Y. M. de Querbeuf (published with the Paris edition of 1787-'92), Cardinal Bausset (3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1808-' 9 ; translated into Eng- lish by Mudford, London, 1810, and abridged by Charles Butler, 1810), Lemaire (Paris, 1826), Celarier (Paris, 1844), Villemain, Lamartine, &c. The Histoire litteraire de Fenelon, ou Revue Jiistorique et analytique de ses ozuvres, by the abb6 Gosselin, appeared in 1843. II. Fran- c.ois de Salignac de la Mothe, a French missionary, half brother of the preceding, born in 1641, died in 1679. He entered the congregation of St. Sul- pice, and was sent to Canada in 1667. He was soon after missionary to some Cayuga Indians who had settled on Quint e bay, 'Canada, and founded an establishment for Indian children. During the collision between church and state he preached a sermon at Montreal in 1674, for which the count de Frontenac arrested him and brought him to Quebec. Fenelon refused to recognize the governor's authority or to remove his hat, on which Frontenac sent him out of the colony to France. The identity of names and profession led Hennepin to confound the two brothers, and some American writers have thus bewi led to believe that the author of " Tele- maehus " was a missionary in New York. FENELON, Gabriel Jacques de Salignac, marquis de la Mothe, a French soldier and diplomatist, nephew of the preceding, born in 1688, killed in battle, Oct. 11, 1746. In 1724 he was ap- FENIANS pointed ambassador to Holland, and in 1728 represented France at the congress of Soissons. In 1733 he negotiated a treaty of neutrality with the states of Holland. In 1738 he was made lieutenant general, and served under Marshal Saxe. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Raucoux. He wrote Memoires diplomatiques, and published the first complete edition of Les aventures de Telemaque, with a dedicatory epistle (2 vols., 1717). FENIANS, a political association having for its aim the independence of Ireland. The name is derived from the Fionna or Fianna, an Irish militia or home guard organized in the 3d century, and commanded by Fionn or Finn, who is said to be the Fingal of Ossian. He was slain in battle in 283, and the Fianna under his grandson Osgar were practically an- nihilated during a civil strife in 296. We shall here treat of the acts of the various or- ganizations in Great Britain and the United States, designated under the local names of the "Phoenix Society," "Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood" (I. R. B.), "Fenian Brother- hood," and " Nationalists," but better known as Fenians. The Fenian brotherhood was found- ed in New York in 1857 by Michael Doheny, John O'Mahony, and Michael Corcoran, subse- quently a brigadier general in the Union army. At the same time a kindred organization al- ready existing in Ireland, under the name of the Phoenix society, was developed into large proportions by James Stephens, the funds for its maintenance being sent over from New York. Stephens came to America in 1858, reported the existence of 35,000 enrolled and disciplined followers, and solicited further aid. At a meeting of the "friends of Ireland," called in New York, a fund was raised, and the Fenian brotherhood was formally organ- ized under John O'Mahony as president. Just then several members of Phoenix clubs were arrested in Ireland ; and this incident, reveal- ing to Stephens the existence of traitors in his own ranks and the watchfulness of the British government, compelled him to adopt a course of caution and temporary inaction. But the occurrence gave a great impulse to the Fenian cause in America ; one of its consequences being the organization of the first " Phoenix " regi- ment in the United States, Col. Corcoran's 69th New York national guard, which refused to parade at the visit of the prince of Wales in 1860. Stephens, who had taken up his abode in Paris, with large funds at his disposal, was buoyed up by the certainty that his supporters in America were hourly increasing. In Ire- land his subordinates covered the provinces with a network of clubs, which met secretly to drill. In 1860 O'Mahony visited Ireland, inspected the most important districts, and held a meeting of the Fenian leaders in Dublin, at which definite plans of action were agreed upon. Stephens forthwith returned to Ireland, and O'Mahony to the United States, the or- ganization receiving from their presence a new