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136 FERDINAND (SPAIN) abolished by Clement V., be Confiscated their property and shared their spoils with the other orders of chivalry. There is a legend that in an expedition against the Moors, having or- dered the two brothers Carvajal to be put to death upon mere suspicion, they cited him to appear with them in 30 days before the judg- ment seat of God ; and within the prescribed time he was found dead on his couch, on which he had been taking his siesta. FERDINAND V. of Castile, II. of Aragon, III. of Naples, and II. of Sicily, surnamed the Catholic, born at Sos, Aragon, March 10, 1452, died at Madrigalejo, Jan. 23, 1516. The son of John II., king of Navarre and Aragon, and of his second wife Juana Henriquez, he was as early as 1468, through the influence of his mother, declared by his father king of Sicily and associate in the crown of Aragon. On Oct. 19, 1469, he married at Valladolid Isa- bella, princess of Asturias, the sister and law- ful heiress of King Henry IV. of Castile. On the demise of the latter, Dec. 12, 1474, Ferdi- nand and Isabella were proclaimed joint sov- ereigns of Castile. Several powerful nobles, among whom were the marquis of Villena, the archbishop of Toledo, and the grand master of Calatrava, aided by the king of Portugal, rose in arms in the name of Juana (called Beltra- neja, from her supposed father, Beltran de la Cueva), whom the late king had recognized as his daughter, but who had been set aside by the cortes on a charge of illegitimacy, which was never legally proved. Ferdinand's army gained a decisive victory over them at Toro, and in 1479 a treaty put an end to the civil war, and Juana, deserted by all her partisans, took the veil. John II. having died at the be- ginning of the same year, Ferdinand inherited Aragon, and thus became the undisputed mas- ter of the peninsula, with the exception of Portugal, Navarre (which was given to John's daughter Eleanor), and Granada. His chief policy was to fortify the power of the crown, and he reached his aim principally by reorgan- izing and increasing the hermandad or brother- hood for the suppression of disorder and bri- gandage, by improving the administration of justice, by acquiring the mastership of the several orders of knighthood, and obtaining the power of appointing the bishops, but above all by means of the inquisition, which served not only as a guard against heresy, but also as a political institution to keep the nobility and clergy in check. The intolerance was perhaps still greater against the Jews than the relapsed heretics. On March 31, 1492, t an edict for their expulsion was issued by the sovereigns at Granada. The number thus driven forth is estimated by some as high as 800,000, but by others, according to Prescott with more proba- bility, at 160,000. They sought refuge in Por- tugal, France, Italy, Africa, and the Levant. Before this, however, Ferdinand and Isabella had succeeded in accomplishing their long cherished design of destroying the last vestige of Moorish power in Spain. The kingdom of Granada, all that remained of the once power- ful empire of the Moors, succumbed to the assaults of the Christian warriors ; the city itself, the siege of which was conducted by the king and queen in person, surrendered Jan. 2, 1492, after a heroic resistance ; and the last of its sovereigns, Abdallah or Boabdil, retired to Africa. When the Moors attempted a re- volt in 1501, Ferdinand ordered them to be- come converted or to leave the kingdom, and it is said that from then till the time of Philip about 3,000,000 Moors left the country. In the discovery of America by Columbus Ferdi- nand had little if any share; he evinced no disposition to assist the discoverer, and the glory of having aided him belongs exclusively to Isabella. Charles VIII. of France having conquered the kingdom of Naples in 1494, Fer- dinand sent thither in the following year his great general Gonsalvo de Cordova, and with- in a few months the French were expelled and the Spaniards got a foothold in Italy, which advantage they afterward improved. In 1500 he concluded a treaty of alliance with Louis XII. of France, by which the two monarchs divided between themselves beforehand the kingdom, which was to be conquered by their united forces ; but scarcely was this accom- plished when the allies quarrelled, and Gon- salvo de Cordova for the second time drove the French out of southern Italy (1503-'4), which thenceforth remained in the hands of Ferdinand, as king of Naples and Sicily. Family difficulties interfered for a while with his power and the progress of his conquests. Juana, the only daughter left to him (Isabella having been married to Emanuel of Portugal, and Catharine to Prince Arthur and afterward to Henry VIII. of England), had been married in 1496 to the archduke Philip, son of the em- peror Maximilian ; and on the death of Isabella in 1504, this young prince claimed the regency of Castile in the name of his wife. This brought on a contest between him and his father-in-law, which terminated in favor of Ferdinand, who was appointed regent in place of the young heir Charles on account of the premature death of Philip in 1506 and the insanity of his wife Juana. The king now found himself at lib- erty to give undivided attention to the affairs of Italy, and exercised there a paramount in- fluence, not by his arms only, but by his su- perior political talents. He took part in the league of Cambrai against Venice in 1508 ; then in the holy league in 1511 against the French, whom the princes of Italy desired to expel from the peninsula ; and in all these transac- tions he was generally the gainer. Besides the kingdom of Naples, he added to his do- minions several towns and fortresses on the coast of Africa, which were conquered by Car- dinal Ximenes and Count Navarro in 1509 and 1510, and the kingdom of Navarre, which he wrested from Catherine de Foix and her hus- band Jean d'Albret in 1512. By a singular