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18 EWALD EWBANK Paris, in a pleasant valley on the Iton, which flows through the city in three branches; pop. in 1866, 12,320. It is surrounded by gardens, vineyards, and highly cultivated fields. It is the seat of a bishop and of several courts and schools, has a botanical garden, a public li- brary, a museum of antiquities, a large hospi- tal, an insane asylum, and cotton and woollen mills, and is the centre of a large trade in gro- ceries and grain. Among the notable buildings are the abbey church of St. Taurin, dating from the 7th, and the cathedral, from the llth century. At a little distance from the town was the fine old chateau of Navarre, founded in the 14th century, which was the residence of Charles Edward Stuart from 1746 to 1748, and of the empress Josephine for some time af- ter her divorce, and was destroyed in 1836. The town was taken from the Romans by Clo- vis, and in 892 the Normans captured and sacked it. In 989 it became the capital of a county of its name erected in favor of a son of Richard I., duke of Normandy. It passed into the possession of England with the rest of Nor- mandy, and the name of the Devereux, earls of Essex, was probably derived from it. King John ceded it to Philip Augustus in 1200. In 1298 the county was given to Louis, son of Philip the Bold of France ; and in 1328 his son Count Philip became by marriage king of Na- varre. The county was confiscated from the son of the latter, Charles the Bold of Navarre, in 1378. In the vicinity, at Vieil vreux, ex-, cavations have led to the discovery of the re- fivreux. mains of a theatre, baths, &c., which are sup- posed to mark the site of Mediolanum ; and many medals and household utensils found here have been deposited in the museum of ICvreux. EWALD, Georg Heinrieh August von, a German orientalist, theologian, and historian, born in Gottingen, Nov. 16, 1803. In 1831 he was ap- pointed to the chair of philosophy, and after- ward to those of oriental languages and theol- ogy, at Gottingen. He was one of the seven professors who were dismissed in 1837 on ac- count of their remonstrance against the un- constitutional proceedings of King Ernest Au- gustus of Hanover. He spent some time in England, and was professor of theology at Tubingen from 1838 to 1848, when he was reinstated in his chair at Gottingen. Among his linguistic works are : Grammatica Cri- tica Lingua Arabics (2 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1831-'3) ; Ueber das dthiopische Such Henoch (1854) ; Ausfuhrliches Lehrbuch der hebrdisch- en Sprache des alien Bundes (6th and enlarged ed., 1855 ; also abridged, Eebraische Sprach- lehre fur Anf anger, 3d ed., 1862). His critical writings are very numerous, embracing works on Canticles, " The Poetical Books of the Old Testament," " The Prophets of the Old Testa- ment," "The Three First Gospels," St. Paul, John, &c. His great historical work is his Ge- scftichte des Volkes Israel Ms Christus (3d ed., 7 vols., Gottingen, 1864 et seq. ; translated by J. Estlin Carpenter, "History of Israel," vols. i.-v., London, 1868-'73). He was the projector of the Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlands, and edited the Jahrbucher der liblischen Wissenschaft, in which he pro- pounded his theological views. His leaning to- ward Baur and other adherents of the Tubin- gen school, with whom he became acquainted during his residence in that city, involved him in many controversies. In 1841 he was enno- bled by the king of Wiirtemberg. When Prus- sia took possession of Hanover in October, 1866, Ewald's fidelity to the extinguished dynasty subjected him to a trial for treason ; but he was acquitted, and in May, 1869, he was elected a member of the North German parliament. His latest published works are Das Sendschreiben an die Hebrder und Jacobos* Rundschreiben (1 871), and Sieben Sendschreiben des neuen Bun- des (1871). EWALD, Johannes. See EVALD. EWBANK, Thomas, an American writer on practical mechanics, born at Barnard Cjistle, j Durham, England, March 11, 1792, died in New I York, Sept. 16, 1870. At the age of 13 he