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FRIES over 100 dissertations and numerous treatises on botany, especially on mycology. FRIES, Ernst, a German painter, born in Heidelberg, June 22, 1801, died in Oarlsruhe, Oct. 11, 1833. He studied at the academy of Munich, travelled through Germany, Tyrol, and Switzerland, and resided four years in Italy. Most of his landscapes depict Italian scenery, and have been compared to those of Poussin. Some of his finest pictures are in Hamburg and other German cities, but most of them are in foreign countries. His brother BEENHAED, born in Heidelberg, May 16, 1820, is also distinguished as a painter, especially of Italian and Alpine scenery. FRIES, Jakob Friedrich, a German philoso- pher, born at Barby, near Magdeburg, Aug. 23, 1773, died in Jena, Aug. 10, 1843. He was educated in a Moravian school, and studied philosophy at Leipsic and Jena. He passed several years in Switzerland as a private teach- er, and became professor of philosophy suc- cessively at Heidelberg and Jena. Being de- prived of his professorship for having taken part in the democratic movement of 1819, he was in 1824 appointed to the chair of physics and mathematics in the latter university, which he held till his death. His works include Neue oder anthropologische Kritik der Vernunft (2d ed., 3 vols., 1828-'31), and many other writings, chiefly upon problems of speculative philoso- phy. Proceeding from Kant, he inclines to the doctrine of faith as developed in the system of Jacobi. He maintains that there is only subjective certainty, that mental phenomena are the only objects of knowledge, but recog- nizes a principle which he names faith, by which we have a presentiment of the exist- ence of outward things, and of the eternal ex- istence of the ideas of the pure reason. See Jcikob Friedrich Fries, by E. L. T. Henke (Leipsic, 1867). FlUESLAND, or Vriesland (anc. Frisia). I. A N. province of Holland, sometimes called West Friesland to distinguish it from East Friesland in Hanover, bounded N., W., and S. W. by the North sea and Zuyder Zee, E. by the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe, and S. by Drenthe and Overyssel; area, 1,264 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 296,931, of whom about 268,000 were Protestants and 24,000 Catho- lics. The surface is mostly flat, many parts of it being lower than the level of the sea, from the encroachments of which it is pro-, tected by dikes. It is intersected by numer- ous draining canals, the principal of which is the Great canal, extending from Harlingen on the W. coast, through Franeker, Leeuwarden, and Dokkum, to Groningen. The whole man- agement of the canals, dikes, &c., is vested in a board, and the expense of keeping them in repair is met by a tax levied on the land owners. The only river worth mentioning is the Lauwers. There are many small lakes. Dairy farming is very extensively carried on. The chief manufactures are woollen stutfs, FRIGATE BIRD 499 linen, sail cloth, salt, paper, starch, spirits hardware, and tiles. A considerable portion of the people are employed in digging turf for fuel, and fishing. Capital, Leeuwarden. II. East, an old principality, now mainly comprised m the district of Aurich in the Prussian prov- ince of Hanover ; pop. in 1871, 25,894. It was part of the territory of the ancient Frisians, and in the 18th century passed to Prussia. Napoleon I. took it from the latter in 1806, but it was restored after the peace of 1814, and a little later was ceded by Prussia to Han- over. In 1866 it was with the remainder of Hanover absorbed by Prussia. (See FRISIANS. ) FRIGATE BIRD (called also frigate pelican and man-of-war bird), a tropical web-footed bird, belonging to the family pelecanidce (Gray), and ^to the genus t&chypetes (Vieillot). The bill is longer than the head, strong, hooked at the end, and sharp; wings long and pointed, the first two quills the longest ; the tail length- ened, deeply forked, of 12 feathers; the tarsi short and strong, feathered for half their length ; toes long, united by a deeply indented web ; claws curved, small, and pectinated, the latter character (according to Audubon) enabling the bird to remove insects from parts of the body and head beyond the reach of the bill ; at the base of the lower mandible is a small orange- colored sac, capable of distention. The neck is short and stout, and the body slender ; the plumage is compact, the eyelids, sac, and front of the upper neck bare. The color of the adult male, in the fourth year, is brownish black, with green and purple reflections ; the wings are tinged with gray and brown; the tail dark brown, the shafts white underneath ; bill pale purplish blue, white in the middle, and dusky at the tip ; iris dark brown ; feet reddish above, orange below. In the female the sides of the neck and a broad space on the breast are white, the wings and tail more brown, and Frigate Bird (Tachypetes aquilus). the plumage of the back less shining. The length to end of tail is 41 in., the extent of wings 7 ft. or more, and the weight about Ibs Only two species are described by Gray, the T. aquilus (Vieill.), very generally dis- tributed in the tropical regions of the globe,