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FRONDE called the people of the city to arms; the prince of Conti, the dukes of Longueville, Beau- fort, Orleans, Bouillon, Elbeuf, Vendome, and Nemours, the marshal de la Mothe, and the popular De Retz, came forward as their lead- ers ; spirited and beautiful ladies, among whom the duchess de Longueville was the most con- spicuous, inspired their courage; and foreign aid was expected from the Netherlands. But the leaders of the movement, having it in their power to change it into a complete revolution like that which had just been achieved in Eng- land, became afraid of the consequences of their own victory, and hastened to conclude (March 11) a treaty with the court at Ruel. The sub- sequent phases of the Fronde were composed of intrigues and contentions for power between the princes of the blood and the cardinal-min- ister. After the return of the court to the cap- ital (Aug. 18), Mazarin again used violence, and had Longueville and the princes of Conde and Conti arrested (Jan. 18, 1650). This caused risings in the provinces, and Marshal Turenne hastened to the rescue of the princes ; but after several advantages he was routed in the en- gagement of Rethel (Dec. 15). The triumphant minister could not long enjoy his success ; the united opposition of all parties compelled Queen Anne to release the princes, and to sacrifice Mazarin, who withdrew to Cologne (February, 1651). Anne recalled her minister when the leaders of the insurrection, Conde and Conti, were quarrelling, and Conde fled, repaired to Bordeaux, armed his numerous adherents, and marched toward the capital; but Turenne now commanded against him, and Conde would have been routed near Paris (July 2, 1652) if the gates of the city had not been thrown open to him. Paris, however, tired of commotions, treated with the court, which had withdrawn, and Louis promised an amnesty and the dismis- sal of the hated minister. Conde, having re- ceived a reenforcement of 12,000 men from Lorraine, rejected the propositions, and march- ed into Champagne ; but finding no adherents, he went over to the Spaniards in the Neth- erlands. Louis XIV., having returned to his capital (Oct. 21), proscribed Conde, and for- bade all political action on the part of the par- liament. Mazarin also returned triumphantly (Feb. 3, 1653) to his post. Many who had dis- tinguished themselves in the parliament or un- der Cond6 were temporarily banished, and the movement in the provinces soon subsided. It is noteworthy that a number of women were the leading spirits of this faction, and that everything was done with unparalleled frivoli- ty, which gave to the whole war rather a ridicu- lous aspect. Count Saint-Aulaire undertakes in his Ilistoire de la Fronde (2 vols., Paris, 1841) to present it as a genuine attempt at obtaining a constitutional monarchy. See also Barante, Le parlement et la Fronde (1859), and " The Great Cond6 and the Period of the Fronde, 1 ' by Walter Fitzpatrick (2 vols., Lon- don, 1873). FRONTENAC 509 FRONTENAC, an E. county of Ontario, Can- ada, bounded S. by the St. Lawrence river, near its head in Lake Ontario ; area, 323 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 28,717. It contains many small lakes, and is traversed by the Grand Trunk and the Kingston and Pembroke rail- ways, and by the Rideau canal. Capital, Kingston. FRONTENAC, Lonis de Bnade, count de, a French governor of Canada, born about 1620, died in Quebec in November, 1698. He en- tered the army at the age of 17, served in Italy, Flanders, and Germany, and in 1669 in Candia. He was appointed governor general of Canada by Louis XIV., and arrived in Sep- tember, 1672. He was a man of ability and courage, active and full of resource, but apt to be arbitrary and prejudiced. One of his first steps was to build Fort Catarocoui or Fronte- nac on Lake Ontario, to keep the Iroquois in check. He sent Marquette and Joliet to ex- plore the Mississippi, and was the constant pat- ron of La Salle ; but he became involved with the intendant Duchesneau, and with the eccle- siastical authorities, who opposed the liquor trade among the Indians. He was accordingly recalled in 1682; but when Canada had been brought to the verge of ruin under the admin- istrations of De la Barre and Denonville, Fron- tenac was again sent out in 1689. He took part in the proposed expedition against New England and New York, and set to work with energy to carry the war into the British colo- nies, attacking them at Hudson bay and by series of war parties, carrying Fort Pemaquid in Maine, Schenectady, Salmon Falls, Casco, and other frontier towns and posts. He com- pleted his vigorous campaign by the repulse of the land and naval force under Sir William Phips before Quebec in 1690. He afterward sent a force into the Mohawk territory and humbled that tribe, restored Fort Frontenac, which had been abandoned and destroyed, and again revived the French influence among the Indian tribes. As this failed to bring the can- tons to peace, he led an army in person in 1696 to the heart of New York, laying waste Onondaga and Oneida. Iberville at the same time reconquered most of Newfoundland, and then sailing to Hudson bay defeated an English fleet and reduced the English posts. Having thus restored the fallen fortunes of France in America, Frontenac died soon after, and was buried in the church of the Recollect fathers, to whom he was greatly attached. On the de- struction of the church his body was removed to the cathedral of Quebec in 1796. wife, a daughter of Lagrange Trianon, was one of the famous beauties of the court, and seems to have entertained a strong dislike t her husband, being reported to have used influence to secure his reappomtment him out of France. She died in 1707. Park man devotes a volume of his "History of t French Dominion in America " to a full count of the career of Count Frontenac.