Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/535

FULLERS' EARTH flections. The style of all his writings is ex- tremely quaint and idiomatic, in short and simple sentences, and singularly free from the pedantry of his time. FULLERS' EARTH, an unctuous sort of clay, much of it kaolinite, useful in fulling cloth, from its property, common to aluminous earths, of absorbing oil and grease. That variety of 'clay is preferred which falls to pieces when put in water, making a slight crackling sound. Its colors are various shades of yellowish, greenish, bluish, brown, and gray ; lustre dull, but appears greasy when rubbed. Its compo- sition is given by Dr. Ure as follows : silica 53, alumina 10, peroxide of iron 9*75, magnesia 1-25, lime 0*5, water 24, potash a trace. Dr. Thomson found silica 44, alumina 23'06, pro- toxide of iron 2, magnesia 2, lime 4-08, water 24*95. It is not now esteemed of so much value as formerly, soap having taken its place. In England it used to be so highly valued that its exportation was prohibited. When used, it was first dried by the sun or by fire, and then thrown into cold water. The powder thus formed was sorted by washing into coarse and fine qualities, the former of which were applied to inferior, the latter to finer cloths. FULLERTON, Lady Georgiana Charlotte, an Eng- lish authoress, born Sept. 23, 1812. She is the daughter of the first earl of Granville, and was married in 1833 to Capt. Alexander George Fullerton. Her first publication, a novel en- titled " Ellen Middleton," appeared in 1844, and was succeeded within a few years by " Grantley Manor." Both works exhibit con- structive skill and an analysis of character of no mean order. " Lady-Bird," published in 1852, after her conversion to the Roman Cath- olic church, is a narrative of her religious struggles. From this time she devoted her pen to the glorification of her church, and published a number of romances on saints, missions, and conversions ; among them, "Con- stance Sherwood" (1865), depicting the suf- ferings of the Catholics under Elizabeth ; "A Stormy Life " (1867), representing Henry VI. as a martyr-saint; "Hespers of the Holy Souls" (1868); and "Mrs. Gerald's Niece" (1869). She has also published works in French, as La comtesse de Bonneval, Histoire du temps de Louis XIV. (1857), and Rose LeUanc (1860). FULLING, also called MILLING, the opera- tion of removing greasy matters from woollen goods, and of giving to them a more compact texture by causing the fibres to entangle them- selves more closely together, as in the process of felting. Fulling mills are ancient inven- tions, the process probably having been ap- plied to the first woven fabrics, as felting must already have been then known. Cloths brought to the fulling mills contain the oil which was applied to the fibre in weaving. The first process to which they are subjected is called scouring or braying. This is effected by placing the rolls in troughs so arranged that they can retain the detergent liquid, as, first, FULMAR 523 stale urine and hogs' dung, subsequently urine alone, and again fullers' earth and water, while heavy oaken mallets or pounders slide down with force into one end of the troughs and mash and roll over the folds of cloth. The pounders are lifted by revolving cams, and kept in action for hours together, one to each trough. The oil is absorbed by the clay, and both are washed off by the water. The fulling is properly a second process performed in the same machines with the use of soap applied liberally in solution. The stampers are better made of polished iron, and the operation is fa- cilitated, with economy of soap, by keeping the trough filled with hot steam. Cloth is also fulled in what is called the fulling machine with- out stamping, the cloth being pushed in a suc- cession of folds through a low trough, the top of which is made by weights to press upon these folds and resist their progress through. The soap is washed out after the fulling, and the nap is raised by teazling. To full a piece of ordinary broadcloth it has been customary to allow from 60 to 65 hours, and 11 Ibs. of soap; the shrinkage in width is from 12 quarters to 7, and in length from 54 yards to 40. FULMAR, a species of large petrel of the genus procellaria (Linn.) orfulmarus (Leach). This bird (P. glacialis, Linn.) is about 20 in. long, with an alar extent of 3 ft. and a weight of 1^ Ib. ; the bill, iris, and feet are yellow, the latter with a greenish tinge; the head, neck, and lower parts pure white ; back and wings light grayish blue, palest on rump, and the tail bluish white; quills and their coverts blackish brown ; a black spot before and partly over the eyes. It is abundant in the arctic seas, where it attends the whale ships, seizing the pieces of blubber which fall into the water, Fulmar (Procellaria glacialis). and often boldly helping itself from the carcass while the men are at work. It breeds in the northern regions, coming down on the Ameri- can coast as far as Long Island in the autumn, winter, and early spring, and is pretty com- mon on the banks of Newfoundland, where