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GALICIA 565 united Armenians, 2,100, have an archbishop at Leraberg; the Protestants (34,000 Lutherans, 5,800 Reformed) have a superintendent in the same city; the Jews, about 580,000, have no hierarchical centralization. Only 30 per cent, of the children of school age attend any school. There are two universities, at Lemberg and Cracow. The Polish students (554 in Lemberg and 632 in Cracow) number nearly three times as many as the Euthenian (430 in Lemberg and 14 in Cracow). The number of literary pro- ductions has of late largely increased, and the Ruthenians are making great efforts to dis- lodge the Polish as the literary language in their districts, but as yet with very little suc- cess. (See POLAND, LANGUAGE AND LITERA- TURE OF, and RUTHENIANS.) At the head of the administration is a stadth older or gov- ernor, to whom are subordinate the political magistracies of Lemberg and Cracow and 74 BezirlcshauptmannscJiaften. There are su- preme courts of justice at Lemberg and Cracow. The diet consists of the provincial marshal, the 3 archbishops and the 3 Catholic bishops (the see of Cracow has long been vacant), the rectors of the universities of Lemberg and Cracow, 44 deputies of large landed estates, 4 of the capital, 3 of the chambers of commerce and industry (Lemberg, Cracow, and Brody), 16 of the towns and industrial places, and 74 of the rural communities. Galicia is the only large division of the empire which has no regular fortress; transportation of troops, however, is facilitated by good roads, as well as by exten- sive railway lines, which connect Cracow and Lemberg with each other and with all the principal cities of the empire. The earliest regular settlement of Galicia was by the Ruthe- nians (Pol. Rusini), who now occupy the east- ern division, also called Red Russia. This was occupied toward the end of the 9th century by the Magyars, then passing to Hungary. Lo- domeria, E. of modern Galicia, and then con- nected with it, was subdued by the Russians at the beginning of the llth century. Various principalities, the chief of which was Halicz (from which the present name of the country is derived), were subsequently formed under the protection of the kings of Hungary. About the middle of the 13th century Galicia was an- nexed to Lithuania, in the early part of the 14th to Moscow, and after the death of the last prince of Halicz (1340) to Poland under the reign of Casimir the Great. From that time it shared the destinies of the latter country, down to the time of the first partition of Poland in 1772, when it was taken by the em- press Maria Theresa, on the ground of the old claims of the crown of Hungary. It received the title of kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, though Lodomeria was in the possession of Russia. Bukowina was in 1777 united with it, and remained so until made a separate crown- land in 1849. The last division of Poland (1795) brought new fragments of that country into the possession of the Hapsburgs, and the province was divided into E. and W. Galicia. A part was ceded in 1809 to the duchy of War- saw, and was afterward annexed to Russian Poland ; another part was converted by the treaty of Vienna into the republic of Cracow (1815), and was annexed to Austria after the Polish rising of February, 1846, which was suppressed in Galicia through a frightful slaugh- ter of the nobility by the peasantry. Insignifi- cant attempts at insurrection were made in the spring of 1848 at Cracow and Lemberg. The constitutional regime which began in that year was short-lived; several conspiracies, aiming at the restoration of Polish independence, were detected and severely punished. A return to a liberal policy took place in 1860, and Galicia received its representation in the Vienna Reichs- rath under the constitution of 1861, and again under that of 1867. In this body, however, the Polish representatives generally sided with the Czechs and other federalists, in opposition to the German majority, which aimed at pre- serving the unity of Cisleithan Austria. Vari- ous attempts to conciliate them by special con- cessions proved futile, and the Reich srath finally baffled this opposition by the electoral reform law of 1873, which substituted direct elections to the Vienna assembly by districts for elections by the provincial diets. This at once divided the Galician representation, as in the elections toward the close of that year the Ruthenians carried a number of districts in direct hostility to the Polish national interest. The policy of abstention, in which the Poles formerly followed the Czechs, was abandoned. (For further historical details, see AUSTEIA, CKACOW, and POLAND.) GALICIA, an old province, now a captaincy general, of N". "W. Spain, comprising the modern provinces of Corunna, Lugo, Orense, and Ponte- vedra, bounded N". and W. by the Atlantic, S. by Portugal, and E. by Asturias and Leon; area, 11,344 sq. m. ; pop. about 2,000,000. It is intersected by numerous narrow valleys, and is mostly mountainous, as the western continua- tion of the Cantabrian range spreads over the greatest part of the province, and watered by numerous torrents, streams, and rivers. The most remarkable of the latter are the Mifio or Minho, with its affluents the Sil and the Tea, the Ulla, and the Tambre, which all become navigable in their lower course and empty into the Atlantic, forming there wide estuaries, or rias, and safe harbors. The coast, being rug- ged and more broken than those of Asturias and Biscay, owing to the violent currents of the Atlantic in these latitudes, presents many deep inlets and lofty promontories. Among its excellent harbors are those of Ferrol, said to be the best in Europe, and Vigo, the principal port on the W. coast, which is connected by rail with Corunna. The climate is cold in the interior and the more elevated regions, tempe- rate in the lower country and along the coast. The proportion of arable land is very limited. The soil produces flax, maize, barley, wheat,