| GALILEO GALILEI | GALL | 569 |
he became totally blind. The severity of the inquisition was somewhat relaxed in his affliction; he was visited by eminent men of his own and foreign countries, among whom were Milton, Gassendi, and Diodati, and in the last years of his life his pupils Viviani and Torricelli formed part of his household. Almost complete deafness afterward came upon him, and at last, while preparing for a continuation of his “Dialogues on Motion,” he died of fever and palpitation of the heart.—Galileo was of middle size, well formed, with fair complexion and penetrating eyes. He was cheerful, frank, and amiable; frugal and abstemious, but fond of gay company and good wine, and profuse in his hospitality. He was unmarried, but left three natural children. His temper was quick, but placable, and his general accomplishments made him a favorite in mixed circles. His scientific writings were marked by a clear, elegant, and spirited style, which he owed to a careful study of the literature of his country. He was a great admirer of Ariosto, whose Orlando furioso, it is said, he knew by heart, and wrote severe “Considerations on Tasso” (Venice, 1793), to show that author's imitation of his favorite poet.—The following is a list of his principal works which were printed separately: Operazioni del compasso geometrico e militare (Venice, 1606); Difesa contra alle calumnie ed imposture di Balt. Capra nella considerazione astronomica sopra la nuova stella del 1604 (1607); Sidereus Nuncius (Florence, Venice, and Frankfort, 1610); Discorso intorno alle cose che stanno in sul' acqua e che in quella si muovono (Florence, 1612); Epistola ad M. Velserum de Maculis Solaribus (1612); De Maculis Solaribus et Stellis circa Jovem errantibus accuratior Disquisitio (Augsburg, 1612); Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle machie solari e loro accidenti (Rome, 1613); Dissertatio de Cometa Anni 1619 (Florence); Il saggiatore (Rome, 1623); Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, Tolemaico e Copernicano (Florence, 1632; a Latin translation by Bernegger, entitled Systema Cosmicum, &c., Strasburg, 1635; an English version, “The Systeme of the World, in four Dialogues, Inglished from the Original Italian Copy by Thomas Salusbury,” London, 1661); Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche attenenti alla mecanica ed i movimenti locali (Leyden, 1638; an English translation under the title “Mathematical Discourses of Mechanics,” by Thomas Weston, London, 1730); Epistolæ tres de Conciliatione Sacæ Scripturæ cum Systemate Telluris Mobilis (printed with Gassendi's Apologia, Lyons, 1649). Collections of Galileo's works were published at Bologna by Manolessi (2 vols. 4to, 1656); Florence, by Bottari (3 vols. 4to, 1718); Padua (4 vols. 4to, 1744); Milan (13 vols. 8vo, 1808-'11). Eugenio Alberi edited a complete edition, with the life by Viviani (16 vols., Florence, 1842-'56).—For lives of Galileo see Viviani, Vita del Galilei, in the Fasti consolari dell' accademia Fiorentina; Frisi, Elogio del Galileo (Leghorn, 1775); Brenna, in Fabroni's Vitæ Italorum; Nelli, Vita e commercio letterario di Galileo Galilei (2 vols. 4to, Lausanne, 1793); Lord Brougham's “Life of Galileo” (1829); Libri, Histoire de la vie et des œuvres de Galileo Galilei (Paris, 1841); Biot, in Michaud's Biographie universelle; Drinkwater-Bethune, “Life of Galileo,” in the “Library of Useful Knowledge;” Sir David Brewster, in Lardner's “Cabinet Cyclopædia,” reprinted with lives of Tycho Brahe and Kepler under the title “Martyrs of Science” (London, 1841). Among recent biographies are those of Philarète Chasles (1862), Madden (1863), Trouessard (1856), Pauhappe (1868), and “The Private Life of Galileo” (London and Boston, 1870); also Botta's “Italian Philosophy,” in vol. ii. of Ueberweg's “History of Philosophy,” translated by George S. Morris (New York, 1874).
GALIMARD, Nicolas Auguste, a French painter, born in Paris, March 25, 1813. He studied under Ingres, and exhibited his first works in 1835. “The Ode,” exhibited in 1846, was purchased for the gallery of the Luxembourg. The emperor Napoleon bought in 1857 his “Leda,” to which the committee of the exhibition of 1855 had objected on account of its indecency. He has executed many paintings for churches, and particularly excels in cartoons for church windows. He has introduced among artists the use of paints with a base of zinc, and has written much on art and contemporary artists. One of his writings is entitled L'Art des vitraux.
GALIN, Pierre, a French musician, born in 1786, died in Paris about 1822. Ho studied and taught mathematics at Bordeaux, and the application of this science to music led him to the invention of a new method of teaching the latter art, mainly consisting in separating the study of tone from that of measure. He called his system le méloplaste, and explained it in his Éxposition d'une nouvelle méthode pour l'enseignement de la musique (Bordeaux, 1818). He resided in Paris from 1819 to the time of his premature death, engaged in teaching and lecturing upon his method. This has been adopted to some extent in Europe and in the United States, under the name of that of Galin-Chevé-Pâris. His pupils Édouard Jue, Aimé Lemoine, M. de Geslin, and Aimé Pâris successively published works on the subject (1821-'35).
GALITZIN. See Gallitzin.
GALL, a saint of the Roman Catholic church, called the apostle of Switzerland, born in Bangor, Ireland, about 551, died in St. Gall, Oct. 16, 646. According to some biographers, his original name was Gallun or Gilian, while others call him Gall of Hibernia to distinguish him from another St. Gall, bishop of Clermont-Ferrand, who died about 550. He was of noble parentage, was educated under Columbanus in the monastery of Bangor, and followed him to Gaul. After sharing the dangers and vicissitudes of his master's life, he refused while sick of a fever to follow him into Italy. Co-
