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574 GALLAUDET GALL BLADDER " Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America, with Conjectures on the Origin of Semi-Civilization in America," pub- lished by the American ethnological society (New York, 1845). GALLAUDET. I. Thomas Hopkins, founder of the first institution in America for instruction of the deaf and dumb, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 10, 1787, died in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 9, 1851. He was of Huguenot descent, early removed with his parents to Hartford, and graduated at Yale college in 1805. He entered the theologi- cal seminary at Andover in 1811, and was li- censed to preach in 1814, but soon became in- terested in the instruction of deaf mutes, and was appointed to superintend the establish- ment of an institution at Hartford for that pur- pose. In 1815 he visited London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and returned in 1816 with Laurent Clerc as his assistant. (See CLEEC.) The asy- lum went into operation in 1817 with a class of seven pupils. Dr. Gallaudet resigned his con- nection with it as principal on account of im- paired health in 1830, but continued to be one of the directors. He afterward prepared vari- ous works to aid the education of the young, and in 1838 became chaplain of the Connecticut retreat for the insane, at Hartford, which office he retained till his death. He published a vol- ume of "Discourses" (London, 1818), preached to an English congregation in Paris, a series of "Bible Stories for the Young," "The Child's Book of the Soul " (3d ed., 1850), " The Youth's Book of Natural Theology," and other similar works, and edited 6 vols. of the " Annals of the Deaf and Dumb " (Hartford). His biography, by Heman Humphrey, D. D., was published in New York in 1858. II. Thomas, an American clergyman, son of the preceding, born in Hart- ford, Conn., June 3, 1822. He was a professor in the New York institution for deaf mutes from 1843 to 1858. In 1850 he received orders in the Episcopal church, and in 1852 founded St. Ann's church for deaf mutes and their friends, for which a church edifice and rectory, in 18th street, near Fifth avenue, were pur- chased in 1859. Through his efforts and ex- ample church services for deaf mutes have also been established in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Albany, Boston, and other places. Dr. Gallau- det is a frequent contributor to the "American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb" and other periodicals. III. Edward Miner, LL. D., a deaf- mute instructor, brother of the preceding, born in Hartford, Feb. 5, 1837. He became a teacher in the Hartford asylum in 1856, and in 1857 organized at Washington, D. C., the Columbia institution for the deaf and dumb and the blind. This enterprise proved very successful, and in 1864 he initiated measures for the establish- ment of the national deaf-mute college, of which he became president and professor of moral and political science. In 1867 he visited the prin- cipal deaf-mute institutions of Europe, and on his return in 1868 published an elaborate re- port of his investigations. GALL BLADDER, the pear-shaped membra- nous reservoir, situated in a slight depression on the lower surface of the right lobe of the liver, which contains the bile during the inter- vals of digestion. The larger extremity is di- rected forward and to the right ; the body of the organ is adherent above to the substance of the liver by dense areolar tissue, free below, covered by the peritoneum, and resting upon the pylorus, duodenum, and right arch of the colon ; the neck is narrow and continuous with the cystic duct, about an inch and a half long, which unites with the hepatic duct from the liver, of about the same length, to form the common bile duct (ductus communis choledocus of anatomists). It is composed of an external serous coat, a middle areolar contractile tissue, and an internal mucous membrane ; the arteries are derived from the hepatic branch of the cceliac axis, the nerves from the hepatic plexus, and the veins empty their contents into the vena portae. The hepatic duct is formed by the junction of the two principal branches (one from each lobe), the result of the union of the numerous ramifications from the interior of the liver. During digestion the bile flows without obstruction into the duodenum, but in the intervals of this process, owing to the par- tial constriction of the common duct, a portion of the bile flows by the cystic duct backward into the gall bladder, whose office is essentially that of a reservoir, storing up a supply of the secretion in the intervals of digestion. The common duct is formed by the union of the hepatic and cystic ducts, and is about 8 in. long, opening obliquely into the duodenum near its last curve, by an orifice in the middle of a slight elevation. The stimulus of the food opens the intestinal orifice, and bile is discharg- ed both from the liver and the gall bladder du- ring digestion, its passage being effected by the contraction of the walls of the gall bladder and the ducts. Ordinarily containing a few ounces, the gall bladder may be so distended as to con- tain several pints, and it may be so atrophied as to be little larger than a pea ; these cases, and the fact of the absence of the reservoir in many animals, show that its physiological im- portance is not great. It is subject to ossifica- tion, cancer, and acute and chronic inflammation from the irritation of gall stones or extension of diseases from the intestine ; its diseases may end in ulceration, and obliteration of the ducts. From its smallness and protected situation it is rarely directly wounded, though it is sometimes ruptured by great external violence. The gall bladder is absent in invertebrates, in which the bile ducts open directly into the digestive cav- ity ; it is present in most fishes, all reptiles, and most birds. There seems to be no general law regulating its presence or absence in mammalia ; it is wanting in many rodents (as the mouse), in the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, camel, pec- cary, herse, stag, and dolphin ; it is present in the monkeys, bats, carnivora, almost all eden- tates, and in many ruminants (as the ox, sheep,