Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/590

578 GALLICAN CHURCH by the kidneys. Two or three hours after a dose of it has heen taken the whole or nearly the whole of the amount has left the system, so that to keep the patient steadily under its influence, it should be administered every three or four hours. It may be given in large and frequently repeated doses, with advantage, to check haemorrhages, especially those from the chest or uterus. It has also been used with good results in diseases of the kidneys and bladder, the organs that are chiefly concerned in its elimination. It is of very little value as a local astringent or in cases of diarrhoea or dysentery. The' dose of it varies from 5 to 15 grs. five or six times a day. It is best given dissolved in water. Those who prefer to do so may take it dry on the tongue. GALLICAN CHURCH, a name sometimes used as merely signifying the Catholic church in France, while more commonly it is applied to that church only so far as it holds- to cer- tain national privileges, doctrines, and usages. Those who have advocated these distinguish- ing peculiarities, in opposition to Rome, have therefore generally been called the Galilean party, while their opponents were known as the Roman, papal, or, in modern times, the ultramontane party. In the church of France there was from the beginning a strong feeling of nationalism, the most important manifesta- tion of which is found in the 'pragmatic sanc- tion of St. Louis (Louis IX.), issued in 1269, which forbade the levying of moneys for the court of Rome without the royal consent, and fixed, independently of the pope, the cases in which appeals were allowed from ecclesiasti- cal tribunals to the royal courts. The spirit of independence was strengthened by the de- crees passed in the fourth and fifth sessions of the council of Constance, and those enacted by the council of Basel while in open revolt against the pope. Although these decrees were condemned by Roman pontiffs, they were adopted by France at the assembly of estates at Bourges in 1438, and promulgated in the pragmatic sanction of Charles VII., the fundamental law of the Gallican church. This placed the general council above the pope, for- bade the paying of taxes to the pope for ap- pointing bishops and prelates, and abolished the annates after the death of the then living pope. This sanction was repealed by Louis XL in 1461, but restored by Charles VIIL, and by Louis XII. through the edict of 1499. Its most important points were again changed by the concordat concluded in 1516 between Francis I. and Leo X., which granted most of the demands of the pope, and, notwithstanding the protestations of the parliaments and pro- vincial estates, remained valid until the revo- lution of 1789. The Gallican church became almost entirely dependent upon the kings, who often found it to their interest to strengthen the Gallican rather than the Roman tenden- cies. Thus, some of the decrees of the council of Trent were not received by France, being held to be incompatible with the laws of the kingdom and too favorable to the papal au- thority. The most important event in the his- tory of Gallicanism is the "Declarations of the French clergy " (Declarationes Cleri Gal- licani), which in 1682, by order of Louis XIV., was drawn up by Bossuet, and defined the liberties and doctrines of the Gallican church in the following four articles : 1, kings and princes are in temporal matters subject to no spiritual power, and the latter can never ab- solve subjects from the oath of obedience ; 2, the pope is subject to the decisions of an oecu- menical council ; 3, the power of the pope is moreover limited, as far as France is con- cerned, by the established prescriptions and usages of the Gallican church ; 4, also in mat- ters of faith the decisions of the pope are not infallible when not confirmed by the consent of the whole church. These propositions were proclaimed by a royal ordinance, to which all the instructions of the theological schools were to be conformed ; but in Rome they were publicly burned by the common executioner. Louis XIV., in order to restore peace with the head of the church, soon revoked them, but his revocation was not received among the laws of the French state or church, and the articles therefore remained valid, and formed the legal palladium of the Gallican party. The French revolution overthrew the whole Cath- olic church in France. Napoleon, as first con- sul of the republic, reestablished it as a state church by a concordat with Pius VIL, in 1801. To the concordat he added, April 8, 1802, or- ganic articles, which enacted that the procla- mation of papal decrees depends upon the dis- cretion of the government; that there shall always be an opportunity for an appeal to the council of state against the abuses of ecclesi- astical power; and that the teachers in the seminaries shall be always bound by the four propositions of the Gallican clergy. The pope and a majority of the bishops protested against the validity of the organic articles, and a synod convoked in 1811 at Paris refused to de- clare the church of France independent of the pope. Louis XVIII. concluded, June 11, 1817, a new concordat, by which that of 1801 wae abolished, and that of 1516 restored. As, however, the chamber of deputies refused to ratify it, the new concordat never received legal sanction. Although the clergy had no opportunity to declare themselves in synods and councils on the relation of the Galilean church to Rome, it was generally known that a majority were in favor of strengthening the union with Rome, and opposed to defending anything in the national church which was regarded by Rome as un-Catholic. The July revolution of 1830 had but little influence on the inner development of the Gallican church. Louis Philippe made as great concessions to the hierarchy as the origin of his own au- thority would allow. The bishops whom he appointed were mostly opposed to the Gallican