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620 GARDINER for the history of the period. It was repub- lished in 2 vols. 4to, Brooklyn, 1865. GARDINER, a city of Kennebec co., Maine, on the W. bank of the Kennebec river, 10 m. below Augusta, at the head of summer navi- gation, and on both sides of the Cobbossecon- tee; pop. in 1870, 4,497. A bridge 900 ft. long connects it with Pittston on the opposite bank of the Kennebec ; and the Augusta di- vision of the Maine Central railroad passes through the city. It is largely engaged in manufactures, for which the falls of the Cob- bossecontee afford great advantages, and it contains six saw, shingle, lath, and clapboard mills, three large paper mills, a woollen fac- tory, two founderies, three machine shops, a tannery, an axe factory, three carriage facto- ries, two manufactories of sashes and blinds, &c. Considerable shipping is owned here. There are two hotels, three national banks with an aggregate capital of $250,000, a sa- vings bank with $1,050,000 capital, two weekly newspapers, 16 school houses (including a high school building), an almshouse, a mechanics' association with a small library, a public library, and nine churches. Gardiner was settled in 1760, incorporated as a town in 1803, and as a city in 1850. GARDINER, James, a Scottish soldier, born at Carriden, Linlithgowshire, Jan, 11, 1688, killed Sept. 21, 1745. At the age of 14 he obtained a commission in the Dutch service. He after- ward entered the English army, and was pres- ent at the battle of Ramillies. In 1730 he was made lieutenant colonel, and in 1745 com- manded a regiment at the battle of Preston- pans, where he was slain. His death is de- scribed in Scott's "Waverley." In his youth he led a dissipated and reckless life, but was, as he believed, converted through a supernat- ural vision, and became an exemplar of Chris- tian piety and worth. His life was written by Dr. Doddridge. GARDINER, Stephen, an English Roman Cath- olic prelate, born at Bury St. Edmund's in 1483, died Nov. 12, 1555. He was educated at Cambridge, became secretary of Wolsey, and was soon in high favor with Henry VIII. In 1527 he was sent to Italy to procure the pope's consent to the divorce of Queen Catharine. His mission proved unsuccessful, but while at Rome he rendered important services to Wol- sey. On his return he was intrusted with the conduct of the divorce case, and successively made secretary of state and (in November, 1531) bishop of Winchester. He endeavored to convince the king of the impolicy of break- ing with the pope, and of the propriety of pun- ishing those who denied the bodily presence of Christ in the eucharist. The downfall of Cromwell, who had succeeded Wolsey as favor- ite, added for a time to the influence and power of Gardiner. But the king began at length to lean toward the reformers, and the refusal of Henry to permit the arrest of Catharine Parr for religious contumacy demonstrated the decline of Gardiner's power. On the acces- sion of Edward VI., Gardiner, refusing to ap- prove of the articles and injunctions issued by the new council, was committed first to the Fleet prison, and then, after a short release and new provocation, to the tower, where he was confined till the reign of Mary, when he was restored to liberty and raised to still greater power than ever, being made lord chancellor. The Protestant persecution which took place during his administration has been generally ascribed by Protestant writers to his counsel, but, according to Lingard, "more from conjec- ture and prejudice than from real information." He is said to have exclaimed on his deathbed : Err am cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro ("I have erred with Peter, but I have not wept with Peter"). GARDINER. I. Sylvester, an American phy- sician, born in Kingston, R. I., in 1707, died in Newport, Aug. 8, 1786. He studied medi- cine in London and Paris, subsequently prac- tised his profession in Boston, and opened there a drug establishment, from which the New England colonies were chiefly supplied. He was one of the early promoters of inoculation for the smallpox, and a liberal contributor for the erection of King's chapel, Boston. He became possessed of large tracts of land in Ken- nebec co., Me., and about the middle of the century was instrumental in establishing there the settlement of Pittston, a portion of which was subsequently set off into a separate town, under the name of Gardiner, where he built and endowed Christ church. He retired from Boston on its evacuation by the British troops, but returned to the United States at the close of the revolutionary war, and passed the rest of his life here. II. John, an American advo- cate, son of the preceding, born in Boston in 1731, drowned off Cape Ann in October, 1793. He studied law at the Inner Temple, London, and was admitted to practise in the courts at Westminster hall. He formed an intimacy with Churchill and Wilkes, and was junior counsel of the latter at his trial in 1764, and also appeared for Beardmore and Meredith, who for writings in support of Wilkes had been imprisoned on a general warrant. In 1766 he procured the appointment of attorney general in the island of St. Christopher, where he re- mained until after the American revolution, when he returned to Boston. After residing there a few years, he removed to Pownalbor- ough, Me., which place he represented in the Massachusetts legislature until his death. As a legislator he distinguished himself by his ef- forts in favor of law reform, particularly the abolition of special pleading, and the repeal of the statutes against theatrical entertain- ments. In connection with the latter subject he published a "Dissertation on the Ancient Poetry of the Romans," and an accompanying speech. The abolition of the law of primogeniture in Massachusetts was due to his efforts. He was one of the most influential of the early Unita-