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624 GARIBALDI GARLIC prevent Garibaldi from passing to the mainland. He however succeeded in crossing with a force of about 2,200 men, nearly all of whom were captured, Aug. 28, near Aspromonte, where Garibaldi was seriously wounded and made a prisoner. He was released in October, and was permitted to return to his island. He retired from the chamber of deputies in January, 1864. In 1866 he commanded a corps of volunteers against the Austrians, and engaged in some operations in the Tyrol; but the war was brought to a close before he had much oppor- tunity to distinguish himself, and he returned to Caprera. In 1867 he organized another army for the conquest of Rome, but the gov- ernment resolving to suppress the movement, Garibaldi was arrested, and, after a short de- tention as a prisoner, was sent to Caprera, where he was watched by a ship of war to pre- vent his escape to the mainland. This watch he evaded, and in October he was again in Florence. A week after he joined the insur- gents on the Roman frontier. Four days la- ter (Oct. 26) he defeated the papal troops at Monte Rotondo ; but on Nov. 3 he was defeat- ed by the French and papal forces at Mentana. On his way back to Caprera he was arrested and imprisoned. His protest as an Italian deputy and an American citizen effected his release after a few weeks. From this time for a considerable period h'e lived in retire- ment in his island home. In October, 1870, on the establishment of the French republic, he arrived in Tours, and offered his services to the government of the national defence. On the 16th he was made a general of division in the French army and placed in command of the irregular forces in the Vosges ; but he had little opportunity to distinguish himself in the field. In February, 1871, he was elected for Paris and several departments as deputy to the national assembly; bat at the prelimi- nary meeting of that body at Bordeaux on the 12th, he resigned his seat and his command in the army, and returned to Caprera. Garibaldi has appeared as a novelist in Cantoni il wlon- tario (1870), and in Clelia, ovvero il governo monaco: Roma del secolo XIX. (1870). The latter has been translated into English, under the title " Rule of the Monk, or Rome in the 19th Century " (1870). In 1873 he published a poem, / mille di Marsala. See his "Auto- biography," edited by Alexandre Dumas, trans- lated into English by "W. Robson (London, 1860); "Life of Gen. Garibaldi, written by Himself, with Sketches of his Companions in Arms," translated by Theodore Dwight (New York, 1860); and "Garibaldi at Caprera," by Col. Vecchi,. with a preface by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862). MENOTTI, one of his sons, took an important part in the Italian move- ments. At Aspromonte, Aug. 28, 18-62, hre as well as his father was wounded, and both were carried as prisoners to Spezia, but were soon released. In 1867, during the march on Rome, he commanded the Garibaldians in the absence of his father. He went with him to France in 1870, and like him received a French command ; but his action during the Franco-German war was comparatively unimportant. RICCIOTTI, a younger son, who had also served under his father in Italy, was perhaps more successful than either his father or brother during the war of 1870-'71. He made a successful attack on the German garrison of Chatillon-sur-Seine, Nov. 19, 1870, and, in conducting operations under his father's command, gave evidence of considerable military talent. GARLAND, a county of Arkansas. See HOT SPRINGS. GARLIC, the bulb of the allium sativum, a plant of the same genus as the onion (A. cepa) and the leek (A. porrum). The plant is peren- nial, and grows wild in the southern parts of Europe, but its native place is not certainly known. In most countries it is cultivated, and has been esteemed from the remotest times as an article of food or as a condiment. The plant has flat leaves, somewhat like those of the leek, and at the base a bulb which is made up of five or six bulblets, called " cloves," which are of an oblong shape, flattened, and pointed at the apex; they are enclosed in numerous layers of thin, papery skin, which is usually white, but in one of the garden varieties rose- colored. The flower stem is about 18 inches high, and bears an umbel of pink or purplish flowers, which are often intermixed with small bulbs. The bulbs are taken up attached to the stem, and when dried in the sun are tied to- gether in bunches like onions. Garlic has a strong peculiar odor called alliaceous, and a bitter and acrid taste. A highly viscid juice may be expressed from it, so tenacious that when dried it makes a cement for porcelain. By distilling the bulbs with water a very vola- tile essential oil is obtained, which possesses in a high degree the peculiar properties of the bulbs. It is of so acrid a nature that it will even raise blisters upon the skin. Sulphur is detected in this oil, combined with a radical called allyle, consisting of CeHs. "When garlic is used as food or medicine, and even when applied externally, this oil is rapidly absorbed, and its presence is soon perceived in the breath and in the secretions of the body. Its moder- ate use is thought to be beneficial for its stimu- lant properties in quickening the circulation, exciting the nervous system, &c. As a medi- cine it is most employed in external applica- tions, as a sedative in fevers, and in nervous and spasmodic disorders of children. A num- ber of species of allium are indigenous to this country, and are known as wild garlic and wild leek ; one (A. vineale), introduced from Europe, is now thoroughly naturalized in the older states, and is a troublesome weed. It grows frequently in pastures, and imparts a most dis- agreeable odor to the milk and butter from the animals that eat it; when it occurs in wheat fields it seriously injures the flour unless the grain is cleaned with great care. A. moly y