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658 GEEFS GEFFRARD degree to the advancement of Biblical criticism. The commentary was written in the spirit of the rationalistic school of Germany, and was favorably regarded by Paulus and Eichhorn, the principal writers of that school. Imme- diately after the publication of his commentary, the reading of his work was forbidden to the faithful, and the author was deposed from the priesthood. He was the author of several poems and translations, among which was an imitation of the satires of Horace, which had extraordinary success. A life of Geddes, with a catalogue of his works, was written by Dr. John Mason Good (1 vol. 8vo, London, 1803). GEEFS, Gnillaumc, a Belgian sculptor, born in Antwerp, Sept. 10, 1806, died May 10, 1860. After completing his studies he went to Paris, where he spent some time in the studio of M. Ramey. Soon after returning to Belgium he obtained a commission from the Belgian gov- ernment to execute a monument to the mem- ory of the victims of the revolution of 1830. He also produced " Genevieve de Brabant," "Francesca da Rimini," "Fisherman's Daugh- ter," "Infant St. John," &c., and executed a statue of Rubens, a colossal marble statue of King Leopold I. for the vestibule of the nation- al palace, and a monumental statue of Charle- magne. His brother JOSEPH, born in 1808, also a sculptor, distinguished by the same quali- ties, has executed among other works "Adonis departing for the Chase " and an equestrian statue of Leopold I. Their brother ALOYS, born about 1816, gave promise of great excel- lence as a sculptor, but died in 1841. GEELONG, a city of Victoria, Australia, near the head of Corio bay or Geelong harbor, the W. arm of Port Phillip bay, 45 m. S. W. of Mel- bourne, with which it is connected by railway; pop. in 1871, 14,897. It is built on ground slo- ping to the bay ; the streets are wide and well paved and drained, and the houses are mostly of brick and stone. The principal buildings are the hospital and benevolent asylum, the cham- ber of commerce, the mechanics' institute, the clock tower, the grammar school, the court house, the post office, several of the hotels, the churches, and the banks. There is an extensive botanical garden. The town is lighted with gas, and is supplied with water from the river Barwon. The surrounding country is beautiful, the soil fertile, and the climate healthy. There are four jetties in Corio bay, at which large ships can load and discharge, and the commerce in wool, tallow, gold dust, &c., is important. Three newspapers are published. Geelong was first settled in 1837, and was incorporated in 1849. It first assumed importance after the discovery of gold at Ballarat, 48 m. N, W., in 1851, and for a time promised to become the principal seaport of southern Australia; but the construction of the railway from Melbourne to this point and thence to Ballarat diverted the produce of the interior to Melbourne. GEEK, Karl de, baron, a Swedish naturalist, born at Finspang, Feb. 10, 1720, died in Stock- holm, March 8, 1778. He studied at Utrecht and Upsal, was a pupil of Linnaeus, and pub- lished Memoires pour sermr d VMstoire des in- sectes (8 vols. 4to, Stockholm, 1752-'78), con- taining descriptions of more than 1,500 species, accompanied with excellent illustrations. To this the Genera et Species Insectorum of Ret- zius (Leipsic, 1783) may be regarded as a sup- plement. De Geer also published several other zoological works. He inherited from an uncle a very large fortune, which he employed in benevolent and useful enterprises. GEERTS, Charles Henri, a Belgian sculptor and wood carver, born in Antwerp in 1808, died in 1855. He was professor at the academy of Louvain. Among his principal works are " Christ sinking under the Weight of the Cross," in Leyden; a Madonna in the museum of Brussels; the "Mater Dolorosa" and "St. John " in Bristol. At the great exhibition of ' 1851 he gained a prize medal for his chief con- tribution, the "Coronation of the Virgin." GEESTERMUNDE, a seaport of Prussia, in the province of Hanover, at the confluence of the Geeste and Weser, separated by the "Weser from Bremerhafen; pop. in 1871, 3,219. It was es- tablished by the government of Hanover as a rival of Bremerhafen, was made a free port in 1847, and in 1862 extensive harbor works were commenced. Since the annexation of Hanover to Prussia, Geestermunde has been made a station of a part of the German fleet. The place possesses some advantages, which will probably render it an important port. GEEZ. See ETHIOPIA, LANGUAGE AND LITE- RATURE OF. GEFFRARD, Fabre, a mulatto soldier and presi- dent of Hayti, born at L'Anse-Veau, Sept. 19, 1806. His father, Nicholas Geffrard, was a general of the war of independence and one of the framers of the national constitution. Fabre entered the army in 1821. After the downfall of President Boyer in 1842 he rapidly rose in rank and consideration, and became general of division in 1845, to which rank Soulouque on becoming emperor in 1849 added a ducal title. Geffrard's popularity increased in proportion to the decline of that of his master, and at the end of 1858 he led the revolution against him, proclaiming his deposition at Saint-Marc. While the emperor was marching toward that place with a considerable force, Geffrard suc- ceeded in outwitting him, and in entering Port-au-Prince Jan. 15, 1859. He banished Soulouque to Jamaica, and being at once chosen as president, he marked his accession by acts of clemency and by salutary reforms, declining to accept the absolute power offered him. Those who had benefited by previous abuses now conspired against him, together with the minister of the interior, Guerrier- Prophete, and instigated an attempt upon his life (Sept. 3), which resulted only in the as- sassination of his daughter, who had just been married. The minister and two accomplices were sentenced to death in their absence; 16