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LAIRESSE LAKE 109 cial and political subjects. A new edition of his book on Norway appeared in 1854. LAIRESSE, Gerard de, a Flemish painter, born in Liege in 1640, died in Amsterdam, July 28, 1711. At the age of 16 he was a successful painter, and received large prices for his pic- tures ; but dissipation kept him in poverty un- til he removed to Amsterdam, where he rose to fortune and reputation. At the age of 50 he became blind, but he dictated his discourses on the theory and practice of painting, which were published under the title of Groot schil- derboek (Amsterdam, 1707). He excelled in subjects drawn from mythology, particularly bacchanalian scenes. LAIS, the name of two celebrated courtesans of ancient Greece. I. The elder Lai's lived in the time of the Peloponnesian war, and is gen- erally supposed to have been a native of Cor- inth. She was considered the most beautiful woman of her age, but was also remarkable for her avarice and caprice. Among her lovers was the philosopher Aristippus, who dedicated two of his works to her. She grew enamored of Eu- botas of Gyrene, who promised to take her to his native city if he should prove victor in the Olympic games. He succeeded, and fulfilled his promise by taking thither her portrait. In her old age she became intemperate, and died at Corinth, where a monument was erected to her memory in the grove called the Cranion. II. The younger Lais was a native of Hyccara in Sicily, and lived in the age of Philip and Alexander the Great. She removed to Athens in her youth, and is said to have been induced by the painter Apelles to adopt the profession of a courtesan. She became the rival of the famous Athenian hetsera Phryne ; but falling in love with a handsome Thessalian youth named Hippolocus, she accompanied him to his native country, where her beauty exciting the jealousy and envy of some of her sex, they allured her into a temple of Venus, and there stoned her to death. She was buried on the banks of the Peneus ; the inscription engraven on her monument is given by Athenseus. LAKE (It. lacca), a pigment prepared from infusions of vegetable dyes or of cochineal, by causing the coloring matter to unite and form a precipitate with some earthy or metallic oxide. This is usually alumina, but the oxides of tin and zinc sometimes serve as the basis. A solu- tion of alum is employed to furnish the alumi- na, and potash is commonly added to it always if the infusions are acid. If the infusions are made with alkaline liquors, the alum solution may be added alone. A decoction of turmeric yields an orange lake ; of cochineal, a brilliant red lake (see CARMINE) ; of Brazil wood, also a red, made violet by excess of potash, and brown- ish by cream of tartar. Madder also gives a red lake. Persian or French berries produce yellow lakes ; and green lakes may be obtained from these mixed with blue pigments. The varieties of blue pigments in use render it needless to prepare blue lakes. LAKE, the name of nine counties in the Uni- ted States. I. The N. W. county of Tennes- see, bounded K by Kentucky, W. by the Mis- sissippi river, which separates it from Mis- souri, and S. E. by Redf oot river ; area, about 250 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 2,428, of whom 393 were colored. The surface is level, and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 414,570 bushels of Indian corn and 52 bales of cotton. There were 511 horses, 615 milch cows, 1,304 other cattle, 816 sheep, and 5,853 swine. Capital, Tiptonville. II. A. K E. county of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie and drained by Grand and Chagrin rivers; area, 220 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 15,935. The surface is undulating, and the soil a fertile clayey loam, with occasional ridges of sand. Iron ore is found. The Lake Shore and the Paines- ville and Youngstown railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 84,164 bushels of wheat, 236,771 of rye, 202,948 of oats, 700,910 of potatoes, 99,058 Ibs. of wool, 20,650 of hops, 409,550 of butter, and 22,009 tons of hay. There were 3,598 horses, 5,409 milch cows, 4,267 other cattle, 22,906 sheep, and 2,936 swine; 15 manufactories of car- riages, 1 of drugs and chemicals, 1 of explosives and fireworks, 4 of iron castings, 3 of machine- ry, 3 of sash, doors, and blinds, 7 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 3 of tobacco and cigars, 2 of woollen goods, 3 planing mills, 13 sawmills, and 7 flour mills. Capital, Painesville. III. A N. W. county of Indiana, bordering on Lake Michigan and Illinois, bounded S. by the Kan- kakee river and drained by the Calumick and Deep; area, 468 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,339. The surface is level and diversified by wood- lands and prairies, with large marshes near the Kankakee ; the soil is generally fertile. It is traversed by several railroads. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 63,398 bushels of wheat, 189,947 of Indian corn, 364,008 of oats, 73,516 of potatoes, 49,989 Ibs. of wool, 557,820 of butter, 40,650 of cheese, and 40,994 tons of hay. There were 5,560 horses, 7,694 milch cows, 9,489 other cattle, 11,637 sheep, and 8,526 swine ; 4 manufactories of carriages, 4 of brick, 1 of sash, doors, and blinds, 1 brew- ery, and 5 flour mills. Capital, Crown Point. IV. A N". E. county of Illinois, bordering on Lake Michigan and Wisconsin, and drained by Fox and Des Plaines rivers ; area, 425 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 21,014. The surface is chiefly an undulating prairie, diversified by tracts of tim- ber and many small lakes. The soil is a rich, deep, black loam. The Chicago and North- western railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 169,135 bushels of wheat, 517,353 of Indian corn, 699,069 of oats, 222,234 of potatoes, 318,042 Ibs. of wool, 927,- 533 of butter, 128,207 of cheese, and 76,337 tons of hay. There were 8,087 horses, 12,167 milch cows, 10,787 other cattle, 67,763 sheep, and 13,385 swine; 8 manufactories of car- riages, 2 of brick, 3 of cheese, 1 of pumps, 1 brewery, 1 planing mill, 3 tanneries, 3 curry-