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142 LANDSHUT gymnasium with a Latin school, and an in- dustrial, an agricultural, and a commercial school. In 1800 the university of Ingolstadt was transferred to Landshut, where it remained till 1826, when it was removed to Munich. The castle of Trausnitz, which overlooks the town, was at one time the residence of the dukes of Lower Bavaria ; in it Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen, was born in 1252. In the latter half of the 14th century, and throughout the 15th, Landshut was the capital of the duchy of Bavaria-Landshut. LANDSHUT, or Landeshut, a town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, on the Boher, 49 m. S. W. of Breslau; pop. in 1871, 5,673. It has several bleaching grounds and a considerable linen trade. The Lutheran church of the Holy Trinity, on a neighboring hill, was one of the six churches which the emperor Joseph I. allowed the Silesian Protestants to build. The Landshuter Kamm, a point of the Riesenge- birge near Landshut, is 3,000 ft. high. In June, 1760, the Austrian general Laudon obtained here a great victory over the Prussians. LANDSKRONA, a fortified town and -seaport of Sweden, in the Ian of Malmo, 16 m. 1ST. N. E. of Copenhagen; pop. in 1869, 7,323. It is hand- somely built on a tongue of land projecting into the sound, and has a good harbor and a strong citadel. It contains a fine church, an assembly house, a large sugar refinery, an iron f oundery, a woollen mill, machine shops, tanne- ries, and ship yards. Corn, fish, pitch, timber, and alum are exported. Coal fields have re- cently been discovered in the vicinity. A mile from the shore is the island of Hven, formerly the residence of Tycho Brahe ; but nothing of the observatory now remains. LANE, a W. county of Oregon, bounded E. by the Cascade mountains, S. partly by the Sinslaw river, and W. by the Pacific ocean; area, 3,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 6,426. It embraces the head of the Willamette valley, that river being navigable eight months in the year to the county seat. The W. portion is mountainous ; the S. portion, forming the valley, is fertile. The Calapooya mountains separate it from the valley of the Umpqua. The Oregon and Cali- fornia railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 294,771 bushels of wheat, 235,722 of oats, 24,687 of barley, 32,455 of potatoes, 167,893 Ibs. of wool, 155,214 of butter, and 5,381 tons of hay. There were 4,874 horses, 5,158 milch cows, 5,680 other cattle, 52,745 sheep, and 19,557 swine ; 1 flour mill and 3 saw mills. Capital, Eugene City. LANE, Edward William, an English orientalist, born in Hereford in 1801. The greater part of his life has been devoted to the study of the oriental languages, particularly Arabic, in which he is deeply learned ; and for many years he has been employed in preparing an Arabic lexicon and thesaurus, the first part of which appeared in 1863, and the second in 1865, but which is not yet completed. As an author he is widely known by his translation of the LANFRANCO "Arabian Nights," published in three magnifi- cent volumes, with illustrations by W. Harvey (1840), and by his "Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians," published by the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge (3d ed., with additions, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1842), one of the most valuable works of the kind ever published, and the materials for which were procured during a lengthened residence in Cairo. He has also published " Arabian Tales and Anecdotes," and "Eastern Tales and Anecdotes." LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury, born in Pavia about 1005, died in Canterbury, Eng- land, May 24, 1089. He studied civil law in the university of Bologna, and after practising in Pavia established himself at Avranches in Normandy, where he taught jurisprudence. While on a journey to Rouen he was attacked by robbers, who left him for dead, but was rescued by the monks of the Benedictine abbey of Bee ; he entered that order, and in 1046 was chosen prior of Bee. He opened a school to which pupils resorted from England, France, Germany, Flanders, and even Italy. Among the learned men whom his reputation attracted thither was Berengarius, archdeacon of Angers, with whom he carried on a famous controversy on the subject of the eucharist. He denounced the illegal marriage of Duke William of Nor- mandy with his cousin, daughter of the count of Flanders, and was ordered to leave Nor- mandy; but he had an interview with the duke in 1053, became his friend, and procured for him a ' dispensation from the pope legali- zing the marriage. W T illiam appointed him a councillor of state, and in 1066 abbot of the newly erected monastery in Caen, where he established a school. In 1067 he declined the archbishopric of Rouen, to which he was chosen by the people ; but William caused him to be elected to the see of Canterbury, vacant by the deposition of Stigand, and he was con- secrated in 1070. He successfully established the claims of his see to the primacy of England, and gave proof of his attachment to William by placing in vacant bishoprics and over the chief religious houses ecclesiastics of known fidelity to the Norman interest. The chief direction of affairs both in church and state was committed to his hands whenever the king was absent in Normandy. He crowned William Rufus, on whose accession he was intrusted with the government. He improved the dis- cipline of the monastic bodies, enforced the celibacy of the priesthood, established schools, convents, and hospitals, and built churches and cathedrals. His works, consisting of com- mentaries on St. Paul's epistles, letters, sermons, and his treatise on the eucharist against Beren- garius, were published in Paris in 1648 (new ed. by Giles, 2 vols., Oxford, 1844-'5). LANFRANCO, Giovanni, an Italian painter, born in Parma in 1581, died in Rome in 1647. While a boy in the service of Count Orazio Scotti in Piacenza, he attracted the attention