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KIEKCALDY KIRKLAND 17 July 31, 1809. His ancestors were members of the society of Friends (to which he also belongs), and came to America with William Penn. He received the degree of M. D. from the university of Pennsylvania in March, 1832, and was appointed resident physician of the Friends' lunatic asylum at Frankford, Pa. A year later he was elected resident physician of the Pennsylvania hospital, in which' post he continued two years. In October, 1840, he was elected superintendent of the Pennsylvania hos- pital for the insane, which was opened in Jan- uary, 1841. He has published " Rules and Regulations of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane" (1850), which has been a text book and guide in the regulations of new hospitals ; " On the Construction, Organization, and Gen- eral Management of Hospitals for the Insane," and " Appeal for the Insane " (1854). He has also been a frequent contributor to the " Amer- ican Journal of Medical Sciences," and the "American Journal of Insanity." In 1853 he proposed the erection of a new hospital, and the separation of the sexes in two distinct buildings. To carry put his plan he raised $355,000 in Philadelphia and vicinity ; the new hospital was finished in 1859, and Dr. Kirk- bride has since given his personal supervision to the female department. KIRKCALDY, a parliamentary burgh and sea- port of Fifeshire, Scotland, 13 m. N. of Edin- burgh, on the N. shore of the frith of Forth ; pop. in 1871, 12,422. It extends E. and W. along the shore for nearly 2 m. There are bleach fields, jute and linen factories, flour mills, breweries, distilleries, and machine shops. The trade of the port is quite large. The imports are principally from Germany and Egypt, and consist of flax, timber, and corn ; the exports are linen, jute, yarn, herrings, and coal. Several free schools have been founded in the towns of this part of Fifeshire through the munificence of Mr. Robert Philp, a mer- chant of Kirkcaldy, who died in 1829, and left over 70,000 for this purpose. KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a S. W. county of Scot- land, bordering on Solway frith, which sepa- rates it from the English county of Cumber- land; area, 954 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 41,852. With the county of Wigtown, which adjoins it on the west, and part of Ayr and Lanark, it forms the district of Galloway. Most of the district is hilly, and the N. W. part is moun- tainous; there are also several high peaks in the south. The principal summits are Black- larg in the north (2,890 ft. high), Cairnsmoor in the southwest (2,329), and Criffel in the southeast (1,831). The principal rivers are. the Dee, Fleet, Ken, and Urr. Small lakes are numerous. About one third of the soil is capable of cultivation, and when properly manured is very fertile. Cattle of the famous Galloway breed are largely exported. The small Galloway horses were formerly reared here, but have been almost wholly replaced by a larger breed. The county is noted for excellent honey. Kirkcudbright is commonly called a stewartry instead of a shire, and has an officer termed a steward, whose duties cor- respond to those of a sheriff in other counties. KIRKCUDBRIGHT, the capital, is a seaport on the Dee, 6 m. from its confluence with the Sol- way frith, and 25 m. S. W. of Dumfries ; pop. in 1871, 2,470. It has few manufactures, but considerable trade in agricultural produce. KIRKE, Sir David, an English colonial ad- venturer, born in Dieppe, France, in 1596, died at Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the winter of 1655-'6. He was the oldest son of Gervase Kirke, an English merchant who carried on business for many years at Dieppe, and mar- ried there. David went into business as a wine merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac, but during the Huguenot troubles retired to Eng- land. His father became interested in Sir William Alexander's American projects, and sent out three vessels under royal letters of marque in 1627 to break up the French settle- ments in Canada and Nova Scotia. David Kirke, accompanied by his two brothers, com- manded the expedition ; he ran up to Tadous- sac, and sent parties to burn the houses and kill the cattle at Cape Tourmente, and also sum- moned Chaniplain to surrender Quebec. Hear- ing of the approach o'f a French squadron un- der De Roquemont, he prepared to meet it. De Roquemont engaged him near Gaspe, July 18, 1628, but was soon compelled to strike. Kirke thus captured all the stores, ammunition, and arms intended for Quebec. He sailed again with his brothers from England in March, 1629, and in July Champlain was compelled to sur- render. Nova Scotia, too, was reduced. These conquests were given up by England in 1632 ; but Kirke was knighted by Charles I. in 1633, and with others obtained a grant of Newfound- land. He devoted himself to its colonization, and held it till dispossessed by Cromwell, hav- ing been governor for nearly 20 years. He recovered part of his property by bribing Cromwell's son-in-law Claypole, and returned to Ferryland in 1653. KIRKES, William Senhonse, an English physi- cian, born about 1820, died in December, 1864 He was physician to St. Bartholomew's hospital in London, and lecturer to the medical college attached to that institution. He is best known as the author of a " Handbook of Physiol- ogy," first published in 1848, which passed through several editions in England and was republished in the United States. Among his other most important contributions to medical literature were a series of papers on the "De- tachment of Fibriiious Deposits from the In- terior of the Heart." His name is in this Avay closely connected with the subject of embolism, one of the most remarkable and important features of recent pathological science. (See BRAIN, DISEASES OF THE, vol. iii., p. 198.) KIRKLAND, Caroline Matilda (STANSBURY), an American authoress, born in New York in January, 1801, died there, April 6, 1864. She