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242 LAZAEISTS LAZZARONI Limerick and Tipperary, but were compelled to withdraw after the capitulation of Limerick. Others from 1651 to 1679 ministered to the spiritual wants of their coreligionists in the Hebrides, Orkneys, and the west coast of Scotland. James II. called them to London at his accession, but they fled the kingdom in 1688. In 1795 they had a principal share in organ- izing the college of Maynooth, and in 1832 they opened a college in Dublin; and other establishments followed in Ireland, England, and Scotland. They were introduced into Po- land in 1651 by Maria Louisa, the French queen of John Oasimir ; and in 1796 the Lazarist province of Poland, counting the houses de- pendent on it in the neighboring countries, possessed in all 35 establishments. Suppressed at that time, they were allowed to return to Eussian Poland in 1816, and had seven houses there at the breaking out of the last insurrection, none of which now remain. Their six principal houses in the Austrian dominions have not been molested. In 1848 their former residence in Posen was restored to them, and in 1850 they were intrusted with the direction o the theo- logical seminary of Cologne. From these cen- tres they multiplied so rapidly, that they were considered the largest missionary organization in Germany when they were suppressed by the Falk laws in 1872. Their success in Spain and Portugal and their colonies was chiefly due to the favor of the Portuguese king John V., which enabled them to extend their missionary enterprise throughout the peninsula, as well as to the Azores and to Goa. In Madagascar a La- zarist mission was opened at the French colony of Fort Dauphin, on the E. coast, in 1648. Suc- cessive relays of missionaries having succumbed to the climate, excessive hardship, and the treacherous cruelty of the natives, the mission was closed in 1674. In 1783 the Lazarists were substituted for the suppressed Jesuits in the Levantine and Chinese missions. There are now (1874) 16 Lazarist establishments in the Turkish empire, the principal of which are at Constantinople, Alexandria, Smyrna, Damascus, and Beyrout, and two missions at Urumiah and Khosrovah in Persia. To all of these are attached churches, colleges, and schools for both sexes, those 'for girls being always directed by sisters of charity. In the Chinese empire one of their first missionaries, Pedrini, obtained high rank at court in 1724 through his proficiency in music and mathema- tics, and the favor of the emperor, who had been his pupil. The controversy with the Jesuits relating to Chinese religious rites pre- vented the Lazarists in Europe from sending assistance to Pedrini. Those who first suc- ceeded to the Jesuits gained even a higher position than Pedrini ; but in 1820 they were involved in a general religious persecution, several of their priests were put to death, and the remainder expelled. They founded, how- ever, a seminary at Macao for training native missionaries, and by this were enabled to estab- lish similar seminaries in each of the eight prov- inces which they at present labor to evangelize in China. In France the Lazarists have en- joyed the double popularity arising from the name of their founder and from their being, like the sisters of charity, a French institution. Before 1789, besides their numerous residences, they directed 49 theological seminaries for the training of the secular clergy. They were sup- pressed during the revolution, restored by Na- poleon in 1804, and a hospital was given them in Paris for the establishment of a central in- stitution and novitiate, together with an annual dotation of 15,000 francs. In 1809 their opposi- tion to the emperor's plans of a national church caused their suppression. They were recalled by Louis XVIII. in 1816, and have continued to prosper, until in 1874 they count 24 houses in France, and two in Algeria. In South Ameri- ca they owe their first establishment in 1810 to King John VI. of Portugal. They have colleges and theological seminaries at Caraya and Bahia, with residences at Rio de Janeiro, Congonhas, and Santa Catharina. They ac- companied a colony of sisters of charity sent from Spain to Mexico in 1844, opened a semi- nary in the capital, and almost simultaneously were called to Puebla and Leon. In 1859 a residence was given to them in Monterey, and in 1860 in Guadalajara. They are at present excluded, like all ecclesiastics of foreign birth, from the territory of the republic. The Laza- rists came to the United States in 1817 with Bishop Dubourg of New Orleans, and formed successively residences at Barrens, Perry co., Mo., and St. Louis, and a college at Cape Gi- rardeau. They soon obtained establishments in Louisiana, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, California, and New York. They now (1874) possess 14 establishments in the United States, with colleges in Brooklyn, N. Y., at Suspension Bridge near Niagara, and at Germantown, Pa., which is the central house in this country. The total number of Lazarists in both hemi- spheres is at present a little less than 3,000. LAZARl'S, Moritz, a German author, of Jew- ish parentage, born at Filehne, Posen, Sept. 15, 1824. He is the son of a learned rabbi who died in 1874. He studied at the gymnasium of Brunswick, and from 1846 to 1850 at the university of Berlin. From 1860 to 1866 he was professor of psychology in the university of Bern. Returning to Berlin, he became in 1868 teacher of philosophy at the military academy. In 1869 and 1871 he was president of Jewish synods at Leipsic and Augsburg. His works include Das Leben der Seele in Mo- nographien (2 vols., Berlin, 1856-'8) ; Ueber den Ur sprung der Sitten (1860) ; Ueler die Ideen in der GescMchte (1865) ; and Zur LeJire von den Sinnestduscliungen (1867). LAZULITE. See LAPIS LAZULI. LA/ZARI, Donato. See BKAMANTE D'UEBINO. LAZZAROM (It. lazzaro, a leper), the lowest classes of the populace of Naples, including porters, itinerant venders of food, boatmen,