Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/352

346 LEO troubles caused in Egypt and Syria by the partisans of Eutyches. Besides a large collec- tion of sermons, there remain 173 letters of St. Leo on ecclesiastical matters addressed to contemporary sovereigns, bishops, and coun- cils. Quesnel attributed to him the treatise De Vocations Gentium, considered by some to belong to St. Prosper, and by others to St. Ambrose. Of the numerous editions of his works, the principal are those by Pasquier Quesnel (2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1675), Cacciari (2 vols. fol., Kome, 1753-'5), and Ballerini (3 vols. fol., Verona, 1755-'7). See also Dumoulin, Vie et religion de deux Ions papes, Leon I. et Gregoire I. (Paris, 1650) ; Maimbourg, His- toire du pontifical de St. Leon (1687) ; Arendt, Leo der Grosse und seine Zeit (Mentz, 1835) ; Perthel, Pabst Leo's I. Leben und LeJiren (Jena, 1843) ; Saint-Cheron, Histoire du ponti- ficat de St. Leon le Grand et de son siecle (2 vols., Paris, 1846). II. Leo III., Saint, born in Kome about 750, died there, June 11, 816. lie was educated in the monastic school at- tached to the Lateran palace, was cardinal- priest of Santa Susanna, and distinguished for nis learning and eloquence, when he succeeded Adrian I., Dec. 25, 795. He immediately wrote to Charlemagne to renew the relations which existed between the latter and Pope Adrian, confirmed the title of patricius, senator or pro- tector of Kome, bestowed upon Charlemagne's father Pepin by Pope Stephen III., and re- ceived in return a portion of the spoils won from the Avars by Charlemagne. At the time of Leo's election Rome was visited by Offa, king of the Mercians, who increased the reve- nues of the English college founded at Kome by Ina (died 728), and which was supported by a tax originating with these princes, which af- terward received the name of " Peter pence." On April 25, 799, while present on horseback at the solemn procession in honor of St. Mark, Leo was attacked by an armed band led by two priests, Paschal and Campolo, nephews of Adrian I., who, after attempting to put out his eyes and cut out his tongue, imprisoned him in a neighboring convent. Having been delivered by the citizens, 'he took refuge in Spoleto, and thence went to Paderborn, where Charlemagne received him with honor, and gave him a numerous escort of bishops, counts, and armed men to accompany him on his re- turn to Rome. The two priests who had made the assault on him were then tried and ban- ished to France. Toward the close of the year 800 Charlemagne, after expelling the Saracens from the Balearic islands, went to Rome, where a council of bishops examined the charges brought against Leo by the exiled assassins, and declared the pope's innocence. On Christmas day Charlemagne was anointed emperor of the West by Leo. In 804 the pope visited the emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, and prevailed on him to restore the full liberty of canonical elections, to prevent those called chorepiscopi from exercising episcopal powers or conferring holy orders, to forbid churchmen from bearing arms, and to enforce the obligation of residence for bishops. The council of Aix-la-Chapelle in 809 having approved the custom established in Spain and followed by the Frankish monks of Palestine, of inserting the words Filioque in the Nicene creed, the decision of the council was submitted in 810 to Leo, who advised the discontinuance of the custom. He had the Nicene creed engraved in Greek and Latin, without the addition Filioque, on silver tablets, which were hung up near the Confession of St. Peter. In 815 a new conspiracy was dis- covered, and its authors were put to death. The sentence and its hasty execution were cen- sured by the new emperor Louis le Debonnaire. In 816, an earthquake having ruined several towns in Italy, and thrown down a church in Rome, Leo in order to propitiate the divine wrath established the solemn litanies and pro- cessions known as the Rogations. Leo III. is praised by his contemporary Anastasius the Librarian for his munificence in building and adorning churches. Thirteen letters of this pontiff are extant in Labbe's Concilia, vol. vii. Hermann Conring published his Epistolce ad Carolum Magnum (4to, Helmstedt, 1647). III. Leo IV., Saint, born in Kome about 800, died there, July 17, 855. He was educated in the monastery of San Martino, became a mem- ber of the community, was selected by Gregory IV. as one of his domestic prelates, and created a cardinal by Sergius II. He was unanimously elected pope Jan. 30, 847, without the custom- ary notice being sent to the emperor, because the city was threatened by Saracen pirates. They had just ravaged the environs of Rome, and sacked the basilicas of St. Paul without the wall and St. Peter on the Vatican, carrying away the silver and gold which decked St. Peter's tomb. Leo, aided by the emperor, en- closed the Vatican with fortifications. (See LEONINE CITY.) In 849, while the work was still in progress, the Saracens landed a great force at Ostia. The pope armed every man in Rome and the neighborhood, obtained auxiliary troops from Gaeta and Naples, and sallied forth at their head in his priestly robes. A fearful storm caine to the aid of the Romans; the Saracen fleet was scattered or wrecked, and the invaders were utterly routed. The rich booty recovered by the victors helped the pope to complete the entire circuit of the walls of Rome. The city of Porto was also rebuilt by Leo for purposes of defence in 852, and peo- pled by a colony of Corsicans, whom the Sara- cens had driven from Bastia. On Dec. 8, 853, he held in Rome a council of 67 bishops, in which canons were enacted for the discipline of the clergy and the instruction of the peo- ple in the knowledge of gospel truth. Two letters of Leo's are extant in Labbe's Concilia, vol. viii. IV. Leo X. (GIOVANNI DE' MEDICI), born in Florence, Dec. 11, 1475, died in Rome, Dec. 1, 1521. He was the second son of Lo- renzo the Magnificent, destined for the church