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348 LEO archbishop of Pavia. The duchy of Urbino was subsequently bestowed on Lorenzo de' Medici, the pope's nephew, after whose death it reverted to the church. Siena was also annexed ; but the measures adopted for this purpose gave rise to a conspiracy against the life of the pontiff, in which Cardinal Petrucci, whose family were sovereigns of Siena, and several other members of the sacred college were implicated. Petrucci was strangled in prison, June 3, 151 V, and the others were con- demned to pay enormous fines. In order to bind the college of cardinals more securely to his person, Leo created 31 new cardinals, most of whom were Florentines. The treaty of Noyon, concluded between France and Spain, Aug. 13, 1516, was intended to be a definitive settlement of the affairs of northern and south- ern Italy, in direct opposition to the pope's policy. Leo endeavored to counteract this set- tlement by the treaty of London, Oct. 29. But the emperor Maximilian by becoming a party to both defeated Leo's purpose ; while the treaty of Fribourg made by Francis I. with the Swiss cantons, Nov. 29, deprived the pope of his most faithful allies. During the treacherous peace which followed this settlement and the con- spiracy of Petrucci, Leo and his cardinals dis- played their taste for magnificence and the encouragement of literature and art. The council of the Lateran was closed with great solemnity in 1517; and a bull was published urging all Christian princes to form a league against the Turks, and granting indulgences to all who joined in the crusade, or contributed toward paying its expenses. The building of the new basilica of St. Peter's was pushed for- ward ; and the lavish expenditure of the pope having exhausted his treasury, an indulgence was offered to all who would give money to- ward the construction. This occasioned the quarrel in Germany between the Augustinian monk Martin Luther and the Dominicans, and led step by step to the reformation. Leo, who looked upon the first movements of this great religious revolution as a quarrel between monks, who also admired Luther's genius and wished to conciliate him, summoned him, Aug. 7, 1518, to appear in Eome within 60 days; but irritated him by ordering the legate at the imperial court to examine him in Germany, and, if found heretical in doctrine and refrac- tory, to send him a prisoner to Eome. The compromise effected by the conference of Augsburg only made Luther appeal from the pope misinformed to the pope better informed ; and when Leo's bull of Nov. 9, 1518, defined the right of the Roman pontiff to grant in- dulgences and explained their nature, Luther appealed from the bull to a general council. At the solicitation of the kings of Hungary and Poland, whose dominions were continu- ally threatened by the Turks, he sent the most eminent among his cardinals to the European courts to advise the formation of a common league against the foes of Christendom. He | submitted to the sovereigns the plan of a com- bined attack by land and sea against the Turk- ish empire, he himself promising to sail from Ancona with 100 armed vessels to join the allied fleets. At the same time he proclaimed a gen- eral truce for five years, which was accepted by the sovereigns; but nothing more than a defensive league was effected between Eng- land, France, and Spain, with the pope at its head, which served to check temporarily the advance of the Turks. Leo made a second effort to conciliate Luther, and a conciliatory letter from Luther was answered by a pacific one from Eome. But public theological discussions revived the zeal of the reformer, and a bull was at length issued, June 15, 1520, condemn- ing his writings as heretical. This Luther burned publicly at Wittenberg, Dec. 10. In 1521 the cause of the American Indians was brought to Leo's tribunal by both Franciscans and Dominicans, the former endeavoring to justify the Spanish system of reducing them to slavery. Leo condemned the system, and employed his utmost endeavors to prevail on the king of Spain to repress it. In April, 1518, Leo gave his nephew Lorenzo, duke of Urbino, in marriage to a relative of the French king, and in return had to surrender the cities of Eeggio and Modena. From these nuptials sprung Catharine de' Medici, queen of France. At the death of the emperor Maximilian, Jan. 12, 1519, Leo sent his own relative Cardinal Orsini to Francis I. to urge him to oppose the election of Charles of Spain, and, if possible, to secure the nomination of some inferior German prince. Orsini failed in his main purpose; Francis used his utmost endeavors and even open bribery, but only to secure the imperial crown for himself. Charles V., how- ever, was elected emperor, June 28, and imme- diately demanded the pope's permission, as the public jurisprudence of the age required, to retain his Spanish possessions together with the imperial title. The pope having assented in spite of the remonstrances of the French king, the latter determined on war. It appears certain that Leo resolved at this conjuncture to execute Julius II.'s project of expelling from Italy both French and Spaniards, by taking advantage of the dissensions between the two monarchs. He sent 150,000 gold crowns to Switzerland, and obtained a body of 6,000 Swiss auxiliaries; proposed to Francis I. to unite with him in an attack upon the kingdom of Naples ; stipulating that Gaeta and the whole Neapolitan territory north of the Garigliano should be given to the church, that the remainder should be held for the second son of Francis, then an infant, and that an apostolic nuncio should govern for him till his majority. Francis meanwhile permitted the pope's Swiss auxiliaries to pass through the Milanese to the Eomagna and the march of Ancona. Perugia was at this time forcibly annexed to the Papal States, and an attempt was made on Ferrara. Francis, divining the