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416 LIECHTENSTEIN LI^GE author he was remarkable for the grace and lucidity of his style, among the best examples of which are his " Familiar Letters on Chem- istry." He was an enthusiast in regard to America, where he had many more readers than in any other country, and is said to have entertained at one time the idea of making the United States his residence. Many honors were conferred upon him by learned societies, public institutions, and individuals. By Louis II., grand duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, he was made a baron in 1845. Professorships were offered him in England, and at Heidelberg, Vienna, and other places. But he remained at Giessen till 1852, when he accepted the pro- fessorship of chemistry at Munich and the presidency of the chemical laboratory. In 1860 he was appointed president of the acad- emy of sciences of Munich, as successor of Thiersch ; and in 1861 he was elected foreign associate of the French academy of sciences. His collected works were published in 1874 simultaneously at Leipsic and Heidelberg. LIECHTENSTEIN, an independent principal- ity, which until 1866 formed part of the Ger- man confederation, bounded N. E.*and E-. by the Austrian circle of Vorarlberg, S. by the Swiss canton of Grisons, and W. by the Rhine, which separates it from the canton of St. Gall; area, 62 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 8,320. It has a mountainous surface, crossed by branches of the Alps, which however do not rise to any great height. The soil in most parts is fertile and well watered, pro- ducing flax, grain, wine, and fruit. Timber is abundant, and there is much excellent pastur- age. Capital, Liechtenstein or Vaduz. The prince shares the legislative power with a diet consisting of 15 members, three of whom are appointed by him, the others being elected. The revenues amount to 60,000 florins, 16,000 being derived from the share in customs duties which by a treaty, renewed in 1864, is paid by Austria. The prince of Liechtenstein belongs to the family of Este, one of the oldest in cen- tral Europe ; and although his sovereignty is so small, his estates in Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, covering nearly 2,200 sq. m., with a population of more than 600,000, render him one of the richest proprietors in Germany, his income from them being 1,400,000 florins. The family of Liechtenstein was raised to the rank of sovereign princes in the 17th century. Sev- eral of them have distinguished themselves by their public services, especially as soldiers. JOHANN JOSEPH (1760-1836) took a conspicu- ous part in the campaigns on the Rhine and in Italy, and concluded in 1805 the treaty of Pres- burg. His son, Prince ALOYS, born May 26, 1796, died Nov. 12, 1858. He was succeeded by his son JOHANN II., born Oct. 5, 1840, who is sovereign prince of Liechtenstein, duke of Troppau and of Jagerndorf, &c. His cousin, Prince Aloys, married in 1872 Miss Mary Fox, the adopted daughter of the last Lord Holland. She has published " Holland House," an illus- trated description of that edifice*, with notices of its various residents (2 vols., London, 1874). LiEGE (Ger. LatticJi). I. A province (Flem. Luikerland) of Belgium, bounded N. by Bel- gian and Dutch Limburg, E. by Rhenish Prus- sia, S. by Belgian Luxemburg, and S. W. and W. by Namur and Brabant ; area, 1,119 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 592,177, nearly all Walloons and Roman Catholics. The W. portion is a fertile plain, while the S. and E. parts, which are traversed by an offshoot of the Ardennes, are woody, rocky, and hilly. The principal rivers are the Meuse and the Ourthe. The province is rich in potatoes, in sheep and cattle, and in mines and mineral springs, of which those of Chaudfontaiue and Spa are the most celebra- ted. The chief manufactures are cotton goods, cloth, straw hats, wooden, glass, steel, and iron ware, surgical instruments, machines, and fire- arms. The principal places are Li6ge, Venders, Seraing, and Huy. II. A city (Flem. Luik cap- ital of the province, in the middle of a plain surrounded by mountains, at the junction of the Meuse and the Ourthe, 56 m. E. S. E. of Brussels and 23 m. W. S. W. of Aix-la-Cha- pelle ; pop. in 1870, 106,442. The Meuse, which is here crossed by four bridges, separates Lie"ge into the old or upper and the new or lower town. The streets, excepting in the new part of the town and in some of the ten suburbs, are steep and narrow. The houses, which have a smoky and dingy appearance, are generally so high as to exclude the sun and confine the air. There are however 11 public squares, and the quays along the river afford pleasant promenades. The city is defended on the N. W. by a large citadel built on Mt. St. Wal- burge, and on the S. E. by Fort Chartreuse. The church of St. Jacques is the most remark- able architectural monument, its magnificent interior containing some of the finest speci- mens of tracery and fretwork in the world. There are more than 20 Roman Catholic churches, and a place of worship for Prot- estants. The palais de justice, formerly the palace of the prince bishop, occupying one side of the Place St. Lambert, built in 1533, is of imposing appearance, with a portico of com- posite columns, each carved with a different pattern. Liege is rich in educational, charita- ble, literary, and artistic institutions. The University place is adorned by statues of the native composer Gr6try and the geologist Du- mont ; it also contains a botanic garden and various public buildings, besides the university. The latter, founded by the king of Holland in 1817, is attended by about 500 students. Con- nected with it are a school of mining and a polytechnic school (ecole des arts et manufac- tures). There are also an academy of paint- ing, a conservatory of music, a theological seminary, a royal gymnasium, an institution for the deaf and dumb, a chamber of com- merce, and a commercial tribunal. Liege, from its extensive iron works, and from its situation in a district abounding with coal and