Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/539

LITTLETON na, and the Little Eock, Pine Bluff, and New Orleans line toward the Louisiana boundary. The trade of Little Eock is extensive, and there are several important manufactories, embracing two of carriages and wagons, three of sash, doors, and blinds, two founderies, and two flouring mills. There are two national banks, with a capital of $205,000, and a branch of the freedmen's savings bank and trust com- pany. Little Eock is the seat of a United States arsenal and land office, of the state prison, and of the state institutions for deaf mutes and the blind. The United States courts for the E. district of Arkansas are held here. St. John's college (masonic), established in 1857, is essen- tially a military institute. It was discontinued during the civil war, and reopened in 1867. In 1872 it had 6 instructors and 102 students. St. Mary's academy for young ladies is under the charge of the sisters of the convent of mercy. The public schools embrace the vari- ous grades from primary to high school, and in 1872 had 23 teachers and 1,650 pupils. The mercantile library contains 1,800 volumes, and the state library 12,500. Three daily and three weekly newspapers and one monthly periodical are published. There are nine churches, viz. : Baptist (two), Christian, Epis- copal, Lutheran, Methodist (two), Presbyte- rian, and Eoman Catholic. Little Eock was founded about 1820, and in that year became the seat of the territorial government. Du- ring the civil war it was in the possession of the confederates until Sept. 10, 1863, when it was captured by Gen. Steele. LITTLETON, or Lyttelton, Sir Thomas, an Eng- lish jurist, born in Devonshire early in the 15th century, died at Frankley, Worcestershire, Aug. 23, 1481. His father's name was West- cote, but he substituted for it that of his ma- ternal grandfather. He most probably re- ceived his collegiate education at Cambridge, whence he afterward removed to the Inner Temple, where he was nominated reader of law lectures. Henry VI. made him steward (or judge of the court of the palace or Mar- shalsea) of the king's household, and on May 13, 1455, a king's sergeant, in which capacity he rode the northern circuit as judge of assize. On the deposition of Henry, his successor Ed- ward IV. confirmed to Littleton all the offices and honors he had received from the Lancas- trians. In 1466 he was appointed one of the judges of the court of common pleas. His fa- mous treatise on " Tenures," originally written in Norman French, and translated into Eng- lish in 1539, from the great changes in the law of real property, no longer receives as much attention as formerly. It is usually accompa- nied in modern editions by the commentary of Sir Edward Coke. LITTORALE, or properly Litoralc (Lat. and Ital., belonging to the seashore ; Ger. Kusten- land), a province of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, situated on the N. shores of the Adriatic sea and including the neighboring LITTEE 533 islands, comprising the counties of Gorz and Gradisca, the margraviate of Istria, and the district of Trieste; area, 3,085 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 600,525. The name was formerly applied to two strips of land on the northern shores of the Adriatic sea, of which the east- ern, or the Hungarian Littorale, has often fig- ured in Austrian history. It originally be- longed to the Croatian military district, was converted into a civil district of Hungary by Maria Theresa, formed a part of the French province of Illyria under Napoleon, was re- taken by Austria in 1814, reannexed to Hun- ary in 1823, occupied by Jellachich, ban of roatia, in 1848, and attached to that prov- ince by Francis Joseph in 1849. Its principal places are Buccari and Porto Ee, Fiume hav- ing been reincorporated with Hungary. LITTRE, Maximilien Paul Emile, a French phi- lologist, born in Paris, Feb. 1, 1801. He was educated for the profession of medicine, but his attention has always been given chiefly to philosophical and literary pursuits. After the revolution of July, 1830, he became one of the contributors to the National newspaper, the organ of the democratic party, his connection with which lasted until its suppression in 1851. He wrote a number of papers for the Diction- naire de medecine, among which is an im- portant article on Asiatic cholera. In 1837, in concert with Dezeimeris, he established a medical and surgical journal, and at the same time was employed in editing and translating the works of Hippocrates. The first volume appeared in 1839, and procured his admission to the academy of inscriptions. The 10th and last volume was published in 1861. In 1839- '40 he published a translation of Strauss's "Life of Jesus." He became a prominent promoter of the doctrines of Auguste Comte, of which he gave a clear synopsis in his work De la philosophic positive (Paris, 1845), and which he has defended and elucidated in a se- ries of pamphlets. In 1844 he had been ap- pointed by his colleagues of the institute suc- cessor to Fauriel for continuing the Histoire litteraire de la France, to the 21st, 22d, and 23d volumes of which he made important con- tributions. In 1848 he mingled actively in politics, and held the honorary office of mu- nicipal councillor of Paris, and in 1849 pub- lished Application de la philosophic positive an gouvernement des societes, et en particulier d la crise actuelle. In 1854 he was appointed editor of the Journal des Savants. In 1863 he was a candidate for admission to the French academy, but was rejected on account of his irreligious opinions. In January, 1871, he was appointed by Gambetta professor of history and geography in the polytechnic school. In February he was elected to the national assem- bly as one of the representatives of the depart- ment of the Seine, and was chosen vice presi- dent. On Dec. 30 he was chosen a member of the academy in place of M. Villemain, in consequence of which Bishop Dupanloup, who