Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/544

538 LIVERIES LIVERPOOL albuminous ingredients of the liver tissue, but is produced by the catalytic transformation of a peculiar substance termed " glycogene," which is itself produced in the hepatic tissue and af- terward converted into sugar by a kind of fer- mentation. Thirdly, certain ingredients of the bile, such as cholesterine, and the various min- eral salts, already existing in the blood, are separated from it by the action of the liver, and exuded, together with the watery parts of the secretion, into the biliary ducts, there to take part in the constitution of the bile. Fourthly, there are other ingredients of the bile, and these the most important ones, such as the tauro-cholate and glyco-cholate of soda, which do not preexist in the blood, but are formed by the liver itself, in the substance of its glandular tissue. Thence they are exuded, with the other constituent parts of the biliary fluid accumulated in the bile ducts, and are either at once discharged into the intestine, or stored up in the gall bladder for subsequent use. The bile is collected from the glandular tissue of the liver by a great number of minute biliary ducts, which converge in such a way as to form larger and larger branches. *Two of these main branches, coming one from the right, the other from the left lobe of the liver, emerge into the great transverse fissure of the organ, and there unite to form a single duct known as the " hepatic duct." The he- patic duct descends for about two inches to- ward the small intestine, when it is joined at an acute angle by another duct coming from the gall bladder, and termed the "cystic duct." The main canal formed by the union of the two, and called the " common biliary duct," then pursues its course, and penetrating ob- liquely the walls of the duodenum, or upper portion of the small intestine, terminates by a rounded orifice upon the internal surface of the duodenum, about four inches below the pyloric extremity of the stomach. The liver is an organ which is continuously active, dis- charging its secretion during the intervals of digestion, as well as while that process is going on. Its activity, however, according to the experiments of Bidder and Schmidt and oth- ers, increases perceptibly several hours after di- gestion has commenced, and continues at its height for a certain period, again to diminish, though not entirely to cease, until the next di- gestive period comes round. It is liable to various diseases, such as infiammation and can- cerous growths ; a peculiar degeneration termed "cirrhosis," in which it becomes contracted, hard, and irregular in shape ; a fibrinous or waxy infiltration ; and a fatty degeneration, in which the proportion of fat globules naturally existing in the hepatic cells is so much increased that the whole organ loses its glandular tex- ture and fails to perform the necessary func- tions which belong to it as a secreting organ. LIVERIES. See GUILD. LIVERMORE, Abiel Abbot, an American clergy- man, born in Wilton, N. H., Oct. 30, 1811. He graduated at Harvard college in 1833, stud- ied in the Cambridge divinity school, and was ordained as pastor of the Unitarian church in Keene, N. H., Nov. 2, 1836. In 1850 he be- came pastor of the Unitarian church in Cin- cinnati, and in 1857 editor of the " Christian Inquirer" in New York, and pastor of the first Unitarian Congregational church in Yon- kers. In 1863 he was chosen president of the theological seminary at Meadville, Pa. His principal works are: "The Four Gospels," with a commentary (2 vols., Boston, 1841-'2 ; Belfast, Ireland, 1844); "The Acts of the Apostles," with a commentary (Boston, 1844; London, 1846); "Lectures to Young Men on their Moral Dangers and Duties" (1846); "The Marriage Offering," a compilation of prose and poetry (1848); "The War with Mexico Reviewed," a prize essay (1850); " Discourses " (1854) ; and " Christian Hymns " (5th ed., 1859). LIVERPOOL, a borough and the principal seaport of England, in Lancashire, on the right bank of the river Mersey, 4 m. above its mouth in the Irish sea, 201 m. by railway N. W. of London and 31 m. W. by S. of Man- chester; pop. in 1851, 375,955; in 1861, 443,- 938; in 1871, 493,346. Liverpool resembles in its bustle and animation more an American than an English town. It has wonderfully improved within the last 60 years, and now contains several wide and handsome streets. Many of the principal avenues diverge from the open space partly occupied by St. John's church and the railway station ; as Dale street, running S. W. to the town hall and exchange buildings, and continued under the name of Water street to St. George's docks; White- chapel and Paradise street, leading to the cus- tom house ; Lime street, Renshaw street, Ber- ry street, and Great George street, running almost S. in the direction of Toxteth park and the London road, following an eastward course toward the zoological gardens. The best known squares are St. George's, Queen's, Abercrom- bie, Clayton, and Cleveland. The town is abundantly supplied with water and gas. St. John's market covers If acre, being 550 ft. long and 135 wide, and is supported by 116 pillars. There are other market places in dif- ferent parts of the town. Among the prin- cipal public buildings are the custom house, in the Ionic style, with a lofty dome, and the town hall, with statues of Canning and Roscoe by Chantrey. The exchange buildings form three sides of a square, of which the town hall constitutes the fourth. The quadrangular area, with a monument in honor of Nelson, is used as an exchange. On the E. side of this ex- change area is a news room, and above it are the underwriters' and cotton sales rooms. The W. and N. sides are occupied by the American and Liverpool chambers of com- merce and by merchants' counting houses. Most of the business of Liverpool is transacted in this vicinity. There is a distinct market