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LIVINGSTON subject of a special message to congress of March 7, 1808, and of a pamphlet by the presi- dent, as well as of a pamphlet by Mr. Living- ston in reply. The latter eventually triumphed in the courts, though the complete pecuniary fruits of the victory only came to his family long after his death. Many years later Mr. Livingston and Jefferson became heartily rec- onciled. Soon after his arrival in the terri- tory the legislature of Louisiana commissioned him to prepare a system of judicial procedure, which was adopted in 1805, and continued in force till 1825, when it was superseded by the new and elaborate code of practice. In 1823 he was appointed, conjointly with Mr. Loufs Moreau-Lislet, to revise the civil code of Louisiana, a work which was completed the next year, and substantially ratified by enact- ment. In 1821 Mr. Livingston had been in- trusted solely with the task of preparing a code of criminal law and procedure. The next year he made a report of his plan for this work, which was soon afterward reprinted in London and Paris. The work itself was submitted to the legislature in 1826, but was never directly acted upon by that body, although by a joint resolution of March 21, 1822, the plan had been approved and its completion " earnestly solicit- ed." However, the author derived from its pub- lication great celebrity, both in America and in Europe. It was published at Philadelphia in 1833, in 1 vol. 8vo. He had completed his draft in 1824, and a copy had been made for the printer, when both copies were destroyed by fire. The next day, at the age of 60 years, he commenced the reconstruction of the work, and in two years more it was again complete. Upon this performance the best part of Mr. Living- ston's fame rests. It is a comprehensive code, or series of codes, of crimes and punishments, of evidence, of procedure, of reform, of prison discipline, and of definitions, and is character- ized throughout by the simplicity of its arrange- ment and by the wisdom and philanthropy of its provisions. It has visibly influenced the le- gislation of several countries, and portions of it have been enacted entire by the republic of Guatemala. All these juridical works were re- quired to be prepared in both French and Eng- lish, and called for the exercise of profound and philosophical knowledge, not only of the laws of England and the United States, but of the French, the Spanish, and the civil law. In 1828, on his retiring from the bar, Mr. Livingston was elected a representative in congress from Loui- siana, which office he held till 1829, when he was made a United States senator from the same state. In 1831 he succeeded Mr. Van Bur en as secretary of state of the United States, and in 1833 was appointed by President Jack- son minister to France, w T here he resided till 1835, managing with success several affairs of more than ordinary importance and difficulty. On his return home he retired to Rhinebeck in his native county. An eloquent eulogy upon his life and works was pronounced by M. Mi- LIVINGSTONE 547 gnet in 1838 before the French academy of moral and. political sciences, of which he had been chosen an associate a few years before. Mr. Livingston was a man of very social tastes, great gayety of manners, and perfection of temper. Amiability and goodness of heart were always the terms first employed in descri- bing his character by those who remembered him. His life by 0. H. Hunt was published in New York in 1864, and his " Complete Works on Jurisprudence," in 2 vols., in 1873. VI. John H., grandson of Gilbert Livingston, born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., May 30, 1746, died in New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 20, 1825. He graduated at Yale college in 1762, and began the study of law ; but resolving to devote him- self to the ministry, he studed theology at Utrecht in Holland, where he received the de- gree of D. D. in 1770. In the autumn of that year he returned to America, and at once be- came pastor of the Dutch church in New York city. In 1775 he was married to his third cousin, the daughter of Philip Livingston ; and in 1776, having removed from New York on the occupation of that city by the British, he accepted a call to Albany, where he remained three years. He then preached successively at Kingston and Poughkeepsie, and at the close of the war returned to New York. In 1784- he was appointed by the general synod of America their professor of divinity, but it was not till 1795 that a regular seminary was open- ed under his direction at Bedford, L. I. This establishment was closed after two years for lack of support, and he resumed his labors in New York. In 1807 the professorate was uni- ted to Queen's college, New Brunswick, N. J., and Dr. Livingston was appointed president and professor of theology. He removed to New Brunswick in 1810, and there passed the rest of his life. His published writings com- prise " A Funeral Service ;" " Incestuous Mar- riage," a dissertation on marriage with a sis- ter-in-law (1816); and some occasional pieces. There is a memoir of his life by the Eev. Alex- ander Gunn (New York, 1829). LIVINGSTONE, David, a British traveller and explorer, born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, Scotland, March 19, 1813, died at Ilala, central Africa, May 1, 1873. He was the son of a poor weaver, and gained the greater part of his early education by attending an evening school while he was employed in the cotton mills near Glasgow. Later he so arranged his time as to secure the winter months for study, sup- porting himself by his labor during the re- mainder of the year. His family were ear- nest Presbyterians, and his attention was early turned toward questions of religious belief. His religious enthusiasm was strongly exci- ted by the idea of a missionary life, and he determined to prepare himself for this ca- reer. Having studied theology and medicine for several years at Glasgow, still supporting himself as before, he offered his services to the London missionary society as a missionary