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LIVONIA LIVY 549 organized under the auspices of the royal geo- graphical society, and had started for Africa early in 1873, under the command of Lieut. Cameron. Leaving Zanzibar for the interior on March 18, this relief party, after a series of difficulties and delays, reached Unyanyembe on Aug. 4. It was here, while Cameron was pur- chasing supplies and preparing for further pro- gress, that the news of Livingstone's death was first received. Chumah, one of his party of na- tives sent ahead by the remaining men of the ex- pedition, who were returning with the body of their leader, arrived in Unyanyembe on Oct. 16, bringing a letter with details from Livingstone's negro servant Wainwright. The explorer and his men had been marching eastward, on their return to their point of departure. Compelled to cross a broad tract of inundated country, they had endured the greatest hardships, to which several had finally succumbed. Living- stone himself was seized with dysentery, and died after about a fortnight's illness. The survivors of the party, numbering in all 79, resolved to carry the body of their leader to Zanzibar; and after subjecting it to a rdugh process of embalming, they started with it toward Unyanyembe. They underwent great hardships, and as their supplies had nearly given out, they despatched Chumah to procure relief. This being at once furnished by the Cameron party, they successfully reached their destination, and Livingstone's body was finally received at the coast. Thence it was carried to England by a government vessel, and on April 18 was buried in Westminster abbey with distinguished honors. The vast extent of Livingstone's explorations will be found described at length in the explorer's two works above cited, in reports scattered through the transactions of the royal geographical socie- ty, Petermann's Geographische Mittheilungen, &c., and in "The Last Journals of David Liv- ingstone, including his Wanderings and Dis- coveries in Eastern Africa from 1865 to with- in a few days of his Death," edited by the Rev. Horace Waller (2 vols., London, 1874). (See also the article AFRICA.) Livingstone was the recipient of honors from most of the leading geographical societies of the world. In February, 1869, he was elected a corre- sponding member of the academy of sciences at Paris. He received several medals and other tokens of appreciation from learned bodies, and the degrees of LL. D. and D. 0. L. were con- ferred upon him. In November, 1871, the British government granted to his family a pension of 300. LIVONIA (Ger. Livland), a W. government of Russia, bounded N. by Esthonia, E. by ,Lake Peipus and the government of Pskov, S. E. by Vitebsk, S. by Courland, and W. by the gulf of Livonia or bay of Riga; area, 17,801 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 990,784. It includes the islands of Oesel, Moen, &c., lying at the entrance of the gulf. The surface is generally level or gently undulating, but in the E. portions a number of hills reach an altitude of from 500 to 1,000 ft. A considerable proportion of the land is occupied by forests and marshes. The soil on the seacoast is very sandy ; in the in- terior, sand, clay, loam, and moorland alter- nate ; but there are many very fertile tracts. There is a large number of lakes, the principal of which is the border lake Peipus (about 1,300 sq. m.), united by a narrow channel with Lake Pskov (about 150 sq. m.) on the southeast, and by the Great Embach with Lake Wirz (about 100 sq. m.), in the middle of the government. The principal river is the Dtina, which is the boundary toward Courland, and receives from Livonia the Ewst and the Oger ; there are more than 300 smaller streams, among which are the Embach, Aa, Salis, and Pernau. The climate is cold and raw till the end of May, but very hot in the three summer months. Agriculture is the chief industry. The country produces rye, barley, flax, hops, hemp, and linseed. The live stock is generally poor, but some good stock is owned by the nobles. Bears, wolves, lynxes, and foxes are numerous ; and on the islands and coast seals are taken, and fish of various kinds are abun- dant. Potters' clay and limestone are obtained. Coarse woollens and cloths are made, and there are numerous distilleries. The rural popula- tion consists of Letts, Livs or Livonians proper, a people of Finnic race, and Esths, of the same race, while Germans, Swedes, and Russians form the nobility, clergy, and burghers ; there are also a few Jews. The great majority of the people are Lutherans. The principal towns are Riga, the capital, Pernau, Wenden, Dorpat, which has a university, and Arensberg in the island of Oesel. Livonia was first made known to western Europe by Bremen merchants about the middle of the 12th century. At the begin- ning of the 13th the order of knights sword- bearers was founded there, which in connection with the Teutonic order gradually subdued all the territories surrounding the gulf of Riga. The possession of the province was long dis- puted by Russians, Poles, and Sweden, to which it was ceded in 1660. The treaty of Nystadt in 1721 annexed it to Russia. LIVRE (Fr., from Lat. libra, a pound), an an- cient French coin dating from A. D. 810, and superseded by the franc in 1795. The livre and franc were originally synonymous as mon- eys of account, but the livre is now reckoned 1 per cent, less, or as 81 to 80. LIVRY, Emma, a French dancer, whose real name is EMMA EMAROT, born in Paris in 1842, died at Neuilly in July, 1863. The daughter of a dancer, she first appeared in 1858 at the opera in Paris as Sylphide, and was regarded as a worthy successor of Taglioni, who trav- elled from Venice to Paris to witness her per- formance. On Nov. 15, 1862, at a rehearsal of La muette de Portici, her dress caught fire, and she died after eight months. LIVY (Livius ANDRONICUS). See ANDEONI- CTJS, LIVIUS.