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KOSSUTH KOSTROMA 51 sia, but though he refused the proposed means of evading all danger by an adoption of the Mohammedan religion, the Porte, encouraged by England and France, resisted all threats; and finally, at the intervention of the United States and England, he was allowed to depart with his family and friends. His wife had se- cretly escaped from Hungary, and his children, two sons and a daughter, had been allowed by Haynau to join him in Asia. On Sept. 1, 1851, he was liberated and set out to embark on the war steamer Mississippi, which had been despatched by the United States government, in accordance with a resolution of the senate, to convey him to America as the nation's guest. He had employed the days of his con- finement in Asia in the study of military sci- ence, and in perfecting his knowledge of living languages. He was able to address the people of the West in French, English, German, and Italian ; and when, after visiting Gibraltar and Lisbon, where he was treated with distinction, he finally reached Southampton, he was lis- tened to with no less admiration than sym- pathy by the English. The same enthusiastic feeling followed him on his tour through the most populous cities of the kingdom, and sub- sequently through the United States, where he arrived Dec. 5, 1851, accompanied by his wife and Mr. and Mrs. Pulszky. He addressed deputations and meetings in New York, Phila- delphia, Baltimore, Washington, and numerous other places, urging the acknowledgment of the claims of Hungary to independence, and the interference of the United States jointly with England in behalf of the principle of non- intervention, which would allow the nations of Europe fair play in a new struggle for liberty. His agitation received a fatal blow by the coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon, the news of which reached America a fortnight after his arrival, and his call for contributions for a reopening of the struggle in Hungary had therefore a very small result, in spite of the general sympathy with the exile and his cause. At Washington he was received with distinctions which had never been bestowed on any foreigner except Lafay- ette. He returned to Europe in July, 1852, where for some time he acted in concert with Mazzini and Ledru-Rollin. Preparations for a rising in the spring of 1853, which rapidly consumed the contributions received in the United States, ended with the execution of Ju- bal, Noszlopi, and others in Hungary, and with the banishment of Kossuth's mother and sis- ters. His mother died soon after in Brussels ; one of his sisters, Mme. Meszlenyi, died some time after her arrival in the United States, and another, Mme. Zulyavsky, in 1860 ; and the only surviving one, Mme. Ruttkay, still resides there. After some participation in newspa- per discussions, Kossuth delivered lectures on various topics, but especially on the history and affairs of Hungary, in England and Scot- land. The preparations of Napoleon and Vic- tor Emanuel for a war against Austria at the beginning of 1859 once more rekindled his hope for the liberation of Hungary. He went to Paris, and subsequently to Italy, where he was received with great enthusiasm by the people, and introduced by Prince Napoleon to the emperor of the French, with whom he concerted a common plan of attacking Aus- tria in its Hungarian possessions in case the war should be carried into the interior of Venetia. This was prevented by the peace of Villafranca. Kossuth, bitterly disappoint- ed, returned to England, and the Hungarian legion, formed under Klapka in Sardinia, was dissolved. In 1862 he removed to Turin, where he has since resided, and where he suc- cessively lost his daughter and wife. During the war of 1866 he issued an address to the Hungarians, trying to rouse them to action, and subsequently repeatedly and strongly con- demned the arrangement with Austria carried through under the lead of Deak. Declining several elections to the diet of Pesth, he has since remained in voluntary exile, occupied with scientific studies, and has published sev- eral papers, among them Farbenveranderung der Sterne (1871). His collected writings have been published in the Europdische Bibliothelc (Wurzen, 1860-"TO). Of his speeches various collections have appeared in England, the Uni- ted States, and Germany. See W. J. Wyatt, " Hungarian Celebrities " (London, 1872). KOSTROMA. I. A central government of Eu- ropean Russia, bordering on the governments of Vologda, Viatka, Nizhegorod, Vladimir, and Interior of Church of the Holy Trinity at Kostroma.